Toxicity assessment of historical aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) using cell-based assays
Article
Ojo, Atinuke F., Peng, Cheng, Annamalai, Prasath, Mallavarapu, Mallavarapu and Ng, Jack C.. 2022. "Toxicity assessment of historical aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) using cell-based assays." Environmental Pollution. 310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119806
| Article Title | Toxicity assessment of historical aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) using cell-based assays |
|---|---|
| ERA Journal ID | 5823 |
| Article Category | Article |
| Authors | Ojo, Atinuke F., Peng, Cheng, Annamalai, Prasath, Mallavarapu, Mallavarapu and Ng, Jack C. |
| Journal Title | Environmental Pollution |
| Journal Citation | 310 |
| Article Number | 119806 |
| Number of Pages | 8 |
| Year | 2022 |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| ISSN | 0269-7491 |
| 1873-6424 | |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119806 |
| Web Address (URL) | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026974912201020X |
| Abstract | Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) has historically contained high concentrations of long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which have been linked with adverse health outcomes. However, the toxicity of historical AFFFs remains largely unknown, presenting uncertainties in their risk assessment. This study assessed the toxicity of historical AFFFs by exposing human liver cells (HepG2) to various dilutions of 3M Light Water AFFF or Ansulite AFFF (0.001%, 0.002%, 0.005%, 0.009%, 0.019%, 0.038%, 0.075%, 0.15%, and 0.3%) for 24 h. The effects of the two AFFF formulations on the cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Nrf2-ARE activity, and DNA damage were assessed by CellTiter 96® Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS kit), dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay, luciferase assay, and alkaline Comet assay, respectively. The results revealed that the two brands of AFFFs tested were toxic to HepG2 cells at dilutions lower than the recommended 3% application formulation. Specifically, exposure to 3M Light Water AFFF or Ansulite AFFF induced a dilution-dependent decrease in cell viability, increased intracellular ROS production, and increased Nrf2-ARE activity. However, except for the highest concentration (lowest dilution) of 3M Light Water AFFF tested (0.038%.), both 3M Light Water AFFF and Ansulite AFFF did not significantly induce cellular DNA damage. Overall, 3M Light Water AFFF was more toxic than Ansulite AFFF. The findings from this study provided valuable in vitro toxicity data that may better inform the health risk assessment of these historical AFFFs. |
| Keywords | Cell viability ; Oxidative stress ; Nrf2-ARE activity ; DNA damage ; Risk assessment |
| Contains Sensitive Content | Does not contain sensitive content |
| ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 340302. Macromolecular materials |
| Public Notes | Files associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions. |
| Byline Affiliations | University of Queensland |
| University of Newcastle |
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