Pyrolysis of brominated polyethylene as an alternative carbon fibre precursor

Article

Laycock, Bronwyn, Wang, Xiaoyu, Liu, Ru-Fen, Annamalai, Pratheep Kumar, Cork, Jorja, Derstine, Chris, Mills, Michael and McFarland, Eric W.. 2020. "Pyrolysis of brominated polyethylene as an alternative carbon fibre precursor." Polymer Degradation and Stability. 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109057
Article Title

Pyrolysis of brominated polyethylene as an alternative carbon fibre precursor

ERA Journal ID1691
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsLaycock, Bronwyn, Wang, Xiaoyu, Liu, Ru-Fen, Annamalai, Pratheep Kumar, Cork, Jorja, Derstine, Chris, Mills, Michael and McFarland, Eric W.
Journal TitlePolymer Degradation and Stability
Journal Citation172
Article Number109057
Number of Pages11
Year2020
PublisherElsevier
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN0141-3910
0144-2880
1873-2321
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109057
Web Address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391019303854
AbstractPolyethylene as a polymeric precursor for carbon fibre production has attracted much attention over recent years. Not only is it a low-cost commodity polymer, it has a higher theoretical carbon yield (at 100%) than polyacrylonitrile (at 67%) and is very readily melt processed into fibres. The challenge is to efficiently dehydrogenate and graphitize polyethylene fibres. This paper explores the use of bromine as a novel oxidant to functionalise polyethylene prior to carbonisation, leading to efficient cyclisation and carbonisation on heating. Through a process of low-temperature photo-induced liquid-phase bromination followed by dehydrobromination at moderate temperature and subsequent carbonisation to 800 °C, a carbonaceous product was obtained in high carbon yield (>90%). The effects of a range of process conditions, as well as the use of different types of polyethylene and polyethylene blends, were explored.
Keywordscarbon fibre; Polyethylene; Pyrolysis
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020401609. Polymers and plastics
340302. Macromolecular materials
Public NotesFiles associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions.
Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Queensland
Fonterra Research and Development Centre, New Zealand
Clean Diesel Technologies, United States
Dow Chemical Company, Germany
University of California Santa Barbara, United States
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Badana, Kapila, Ekanayake, Chandima, Saha, Tapan Kumar and Annamalai, Pratheep Kumar. 2016. "Understanding the Ageing Aspects of Natural Ester Based Insulation liquid in Power Transformer." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 23 (1), pp. 246-257. https://doi.org/10.1109/Tdei.2015.004744
Systematic production of high quality and low cost cellulose nanofibres and their potential applications
Amiralian, Nasim, Annamalai, Pratheep and Martin, Darren J.. 2016. "Systematic production of high quality and low cost cellulose nanofibres and their potential applications." TAPPI International Conference on Nanotechnology for Renewable Materials 2016. Grenoble, France 13 - 16 Jun 2016 France.
Scalable processing of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites toughened with nanocellulose
Amin, Khairatun Najwa Mohd, Amiralian, Nasim, Annamalai, Pratheep K., Edwards, Grant, Chaleat, Celine and Martin, Darren J.. 2016. "Scalable processing of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites toughened with nanocellulose." Chemical Engineering Journal. 302, pp. 406-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.067
Cleaner and scalable processing of cellulose nanocrystal reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites
Mohd Amin, Khairatun Najwa, Amin, Mohd, Annamalai, Pratheep Kumar, Edwards, Grant A.B., Chaleat, Celine and Martin, Darren J.. 2016. "Cleaner and scalable processing of cellulose nanocrystal reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites." TAPPI International Conference on Nanotechnology for Renewable Materials 2016. Grenoble, France 13 - 16 Jun 2016 France.
Polymers from Biomass: Characterization, Modification, Degradation, and Applications
Adsul, Mukund, Tuli, Deepak K., Annamalai, Pratheep K., Depan, Dilip and Shankar, Shiv. 2016. "Polymers from Biomass: Characterization, Modification, Degradation, and Applications." International Journal of Polymer Science. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1857297
A systematic study substituting polyether polyol with palm kernel oil based polyester polyol in rigid polyurethane foam
Septevani, Athanasia A., Evans, David A.C., Chaleat, Celine, Martin, Darren J. and Annamalai, Pratheep K.. 2015. "A systematic study substituting polyether polyol with palm kernel oil based polyester polyol in rigid polyurethane foam." Industrial Crops and Products. 66, pp. 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.11.053
Production of cellulose nanocrystals via a scalable mechanical method
Amin, Khairatun Najwa Mohd, Annamalai, Pratheep Kumar, Morrow, Isabel Catherine and Martin, Darren. 2015. "Production of cellulose nanocrystals via a scalable mechanical method." RSC Advances: an international journal to further the chemical sciences. 5 (70), pp. 57133-57140. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra06862b
Easily deconstructed, high aspect ratio cellulose nanofibres from Triodia pungens; an abundant grass of Australia's arid zone
Amiralian, Nasim, Annamalai, Pratheep K., Memmott, Paul, Taran, Elena, Schmidt, Susanne and Martin, Darren J.. 2015. "Easily deconstructed, high aspect ratio cellulose nanofibres from Triodia pungens; an abundant grass of Australia's arid zone." RSC Advances: an international journal to further the chemical sciences. 5 (41), pp. 32124-32132. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra02936h
Isolation of cellulose nanofibrils from Triodia pungens via different mechanical methods
Amiralian, Nasim, Annamalai, Pratheep K., Memmott, Paul and Martin, Darren. J.. 2015. "Isolation of cellulose nanofibrils from Triodia pungens via different mechanical methods ." Cellulose. 22 (4), pp. 2483-2498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0688-x
Erratum to “Optimization of resin extraction from an Australian arid grass ‘Triodia pungens’ and its preliminary evaluation as an anti-termite timber coating” [Ind. Crops Prod. 59 (2014) 241–247]
Amiralian, Nasim, Annamalai, Pratheep K., Fitzgerald, Chris, Memmott, Paul and Martin, Darren J.. 2015. "Erratum to “Optimization of resin extraction from an Australian arid grass ‘Triodia pungens’ and its preliminary evaluation as an anti-termite timber coating” [Ind. Crops Prod. 59 (2014) 241–247]." Industrial Crops and Products. 67, pp. 512-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.12.037
Optimisation of resin extraction from an Australian arid grass ‘Triodia pungens’ and its preliminary evaluation as an anti-termite timber coating
Amiralian, Nasim, Annamalai, Pratheep K., Fitzgerald, Chris, Memmott, Paul and Martin, Darren J.. 2014. "Optimisation of resin extraction from an Australian arid grass ‘Triodia pungens’ and its preliminary evaluation as an anti-termite timber coating." Industrial Crops and Products. 59, pp. 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.04.045
Stability of chitosan/montmorillonite nanohybrid towards enzymatic degradation on grafting with poly(lactic acid)
Depan, D., Annamalai, A. Pratheep, Singh, R. P. and Misra, R. D. K.. 2014. "Stability of chitosan/montmorillonite nanohybrid towards enzymatic degradation on grafting with poly(lactic acid)." Materials Science and Technology. 30 (5), pp. 587-592. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284713y.0000000501
Can clay nanoparticles accelerate environmental biodegradation of polyolefins?
Annamalai, P. K. and Martin, D. J.. 2014. "Can clay nanoparticles accelerate environmental biodegradation of polyolefins?" Materials Science and Technology. 30 (5), pp. 593-602. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284713y.0000000498
Water-Responsive Mechanically Adaptive Nanocomposites Based on Styrene–Butadiene Rubber and Cellulose Nanocrystals—Processing Matters
Annamalai, Pratheep K., Dagnon, Koffi L., Monemian, Seyedali, Foster, E. Johan, Rowan, Stuart J. and Weder, Christoph. 2014. "Water-Responsive Mechanically Adaptive Nanocomposites Based on Styrene–Butadiene Rubber and Cellulose Nanocrystals—Processing Matters ." ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 6 (2), pp. 967-76. https://doi.org/10.1021/am404382x
Uncovering Victoria's Secret: exploring women's luxury perceptions of intimate apparel and purchasing behaviour
Hume, Margee and Mills, Michael. 2013. "Uncovering Victoria's Secret: exploring women's luxury perceptions of intimate apparel and purchasing behaviour ." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management. 17 (4), pp. 460-485. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMM-03-2013-0020
Innovation in the teaching of sustainability in the business classroom via a combined model of experiential learning, reflective practice and metaphor
Mills, Michael K. and Quinn, Andrea J.. 2012. "Innovation in the teaching of sustainability in the business classroom via a combined model of experiential learning, reflective practice and metaphor." International Journal of Organisational Behaviour. 17 (3), pp. 4-7.
Probing brand luxury: a multiple lens approach
Miller, Karen W. and Mills, Michael K.. 2012. "Probing brand luxury: a multiple lens approach." Journal of Brand Management. 20 (1), pp. 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2011.64
Contributing clarity by examining brand luxury in the fashion market
Miller, Karen W. and Mills, Michael K.. 2012. "Contributing clarity by examining brand luxury in the fashion market." Journal of Business Research. 65 (10), pp. 1471-1479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.013
Fostering improved learning about sustainability
Mills, Michael and Quinn, Andrea. 2011. "Fostering improved learning about sustainability." Building Business Communities: Justice, Performance and Change Creating a Sustainable Scholarly Community Colloquia (2011). Brisbane, Australia 09 Nov 2011 Toowoomba, Australia.
Using the jazz metaphor to teach the strategic capstone course
Mills, Michael K.. 2009. "Using the jazz metaphor to teach the strategic capstone course." Beaumont, Nicholas (ed.) 23rd Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (ANZAM 2009). Melbourne, Australia 01 - 04 Dec 2009 Melbourne, Australia.
Managing social and intellectual capital: factors affecting the adoption and provision of online marketing of government services
Mills, Michael K.. 2007. "Managing social and intellectual capital: factors affecting the adoption and provision of online marketing of government services." Chapman, Ross (ed.) 21st Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (ANZAM 2007). Sydney, Australia 04 - 07 Dec 2007 Australia.
Strategic market management
Aaker, David A. and Mills, Michael. 2005. Strategic market management. Milton, Australia. John Wiley & Sons.
Understanding the path to purchase: resolving the complexities that influence decisions
Mills, Michael, Torkar, Nicole, Katsinikas, Tina and Dye, Andrew. 2006. "Understanding the path to purchase: resolving the complexities that influence decisions." ESOMAR Automotive Conference 2006. Laussane, Switzerland Mar 2006
Building the sustainable iMuseum: is the virtual museum leaving our museums virtually empty?
Hume, Margee and Mills, Michael K.. 2011. "Building the sustainable iMuseum: is the virtual museum leaving our museums virtually empty?" International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing. 16 (3), pp. 275-289. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.425
Examining fashion brand luxury DNA
Miller, Karen W. and Mills, Michael K.. 2010. "Examining fashion brand luxury DNA." 2010 Global Marketing Conference: Marketing in a Turbulent Environment. Tokyo, Japan 09 - 11 Sep 2010 Seoul, Korea .
Doing more with less: toward a parsimonious approach to examining brand luxury
Miller, Karen W. and Mills, Michael K.. 2010. "Doing more with less: toward a parsimonious approach to examining brand luxury." Ballantine, Paul and Finsterwalder, Jörg (ed.) ANZMAC 2010: Doing More With Less. Christchurch, New Zealand 29 Nov - 01 Dec 2010 Christchurch, New Zealand.
Using the jazz metaphor to enhance student learning and skill development in the marketing research course
Mills, Michael K.. 2010. "Using the jazz metaphor to enhance student learning and skill development in the marketing research course." Journal of Marketing Education. 32 (3), pp. 300-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0273475310377782
Studies on the feasibility of recycled polystyrene doped with NLO active meta-Nitroaniline for optoelectronics applications
Sureshkumar, M.S., Goyal, R.L., Negi, Y.s., Pratheepkumar, A., Reddy, K. Raghunatha, Singh, R.P., Dadge, J.W. and Aiyer, R.C.. 2011. "Studies on the feasibility of recycled polystyrene doped with NLO active meta-Nitroaniline for optoelectronics applications ." Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 22 (12), pp. 1865-1871. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1685
Bioinspired Mechanically Adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites with Water-Activated Shape-Memory Effect
Mendez, Julie, Annamalai, Pratheep K., Eichhorn, Stephen J., Rusli, Rafeadah, Rowan, Stuart J., Foste, E. Johan and Weder, Christoph. 2011. "Bioinspired Mechanically Adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites with Water-Activated Shape-Memory Effect." Macromolecules. 44 (17), pp. 6827-6835. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma201502k
Commercial aspects associated with bio-nanocomposites
Lonkar, Sunil P., Kumar, A. Pratheep and Singh, R. P.. 2011. "Commercial aspects associated with bio-nanocomposites." Nanocomposites with Biodegradable Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Future Perspectives. United Kingdom. Oxford University Press. pp. 400-420
Kinetics of mass transfer during vapour-induced phase separation (VIPS) process and its influence on poly-(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)membrane structure and surface morphology
Annamalai, Pratheep Kumar, Pochat-Bohatier, Celine, Bouyer, Denis, Li, Chia-Ling, Deratani, André and Wang, Da-Ming. 2011. "Kinetics of mass transfer during vapour-induced phase separation (VIPS) process and its influence on poly-(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)membrane structure and surface morphology ." Desalination and Water Treatment. 34 (1-3), pp. 204-210. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2809
Forecasting shares for multiple purchases: towards a test of the new individual-level multinomial probit
Winzar, Hume, Bloxsome, Ellen and Mills, Michael K.. 2004. "Forecasting shares for multiple purchases: towards a test of the new individual-level multinomial probit." ANZMAC 2004: Marketing Accountabilities and Responsibilities. Wellington, New Zealand 29 Nov - 01 Dec 2004 Wellington, New Zealand.
Analysing the effect of digital technology on channel strategy, power and disintermediation in the home video market: the demise of the video store?
Mills, Michael K. and Silver, J.. 2004. "Analysing the effect of digital technology on channel strategy, power and disintermediation in the home video market: the demise of the video store? " ANZMAC 2004: Marketing Accountabilities and Responsibilities. Wellington, New Zealand 29 Nov - 01 Dec 2004 Wellington, New Zealand.
Seeing jazz: doing research
Mills, Michael K.. 2009. "Seeing jazz: doing research." International Journal of Market Research. 51 (3), pp. 383-402. https://doi.org/10.2501/S147078530920061X
EEG correlates of golf performance: training the brain to drain the putt
Terry, P., Mahoney, P. and Mills, M.. 2006. "EEG correlates of golf performance: training the brain to drain the putt." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 9 (Supplement), pp. 31-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.12.071
Teaching strategic marketing: applying the jazz metaphor
Mills, Michael K.. 2008. "Teaching strategic marketing: applying the jazz metaphor." Spanjaard, Daniela, Denize, Sara and Sharma, Neeru (ed.) ANZMAC 2008: Shifting the Focus from Mainstream to Offbeat. Sydney, Australia 01 - 03 Dec 2008 Australia.
On the offbeat: applying the jazz metaphor to move from mainstream to more holistic marketing research
Mills, Michael K.. 2008. "On the offbeat: applying the jazz metaphor to move from mainstream to more holistic marketing research." Spanjaard, Daniela, Denize, Sara and Sharma, Neeru (ed.) ANZMAC 2008: Shifting the Focus from Mainstream to Offbeat. Sydney, Australia 01 - 03 Dec 2008 Australia.
Nanoscale particles for polymer degradation and stabilization—Trends and future perspectives
Annamalai, Annamalai Pratheep, Depan, Dilip, Tomer, Namrata Singh and Singh, Raj Pal. 2009. "Nanoscale particles for polymer degradation and stabilization—Trends and future perspectives ." Progress in Polymer Science. 34 (6), pp. 479-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.01.002
Cell proliferation and controlled drug release studies of nanohybrids based on chitosan-g-lactic acid and montmorillonite
Depan, Dilip, Annamalai, Annamalai Pratheep and Singh, Raj Pal. 2009. "Cell proliferation and controlled drug release studies of nanohybrids based on chitosan-g-lactic acid and montmorillonite." Acta Biomaterialia. 5 (1), pp. 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2008.08.007
Single Step Synthesis and Properties of M/MFe2O4 and PVDF/M/MFe2O4 (M = Co, Ni) Magnetic Nanocomposites
Deka, Sasanka, Joy, P. A. and Annamalai, A. Pratheep. 2009. "Single Step Synthesis and Properties of M/MFe2O4 and PVDF/M/MFe2O4 (M = Co, Ni) Magnetic Nanocomposites ." Science of Advanced Materials. 1 (3), pp. 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1166/sam.2009.1053
Effect of γ-dose rate on crystallinity and morphological changes of γ-sterilized biomedical polypropylene
Alariqi, Sameh A.S., Annamalai, A. Pratheep, Rao, B.S.M. and Singh, R.P.. 2009. "Effect of γ-dose rate on crystallinity and morphological changes of γ-sterilized biomedical polypropylene." Polymer Degradation and Stability. 94 (2), pp. 272-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.10.027
Environmentally-active consumers' preferences for zero-emission vehicles: public sector and marketing implications
Mills, Michael. 2008. "Environmentally-active consumers' preferences for zero-emission vehicles: public sector and marketing implications." Journal of Nonprofit and Public Sector Marketing. 19 (1), pp. 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1300/J054v19n01_01
Biocomposites of cellulose reinforced starch: improvement of properties by photo-induced crosslinking
Kumar, Annamalai Pratheep and Singh, Raj Pal. 2008. "Biocomposites of cellulose reinforced starch: improvement of properties by photo-induced crosslinking." Bioresource Technology. 99 (18), pp. 8803-8809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.045
Novel hybrid of clay, cellulose, and thermoplastics. I. Preparation and characterization of composites of ethylene–propylene copolymer
Kumar, Annamalai Pratheep and Singh, Raj Pal. 2007. "Novel hybrid of clay, cellulose, and thermoplastics. I. Preparation and characterization of composites of ethylene–propylene copolymer." Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 104 (4), pp. 2672-2682. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.25659
Photo-stabilization of EPDM-clay nanocomposites: effect of antioxidant on the preparation and durability
Lonkar, Sunil P., Annamalai, A. Pratheep and Singh, Raj Pal. 2007. "Photo-stabilization of EPDM-clay nanocomposites: effect of antioxidant on the preparation and durability." Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 18 (11), pp. 891-900. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.925
Stabilization of γ-sterilized biomedical polyolefins by synergistic mixtures of oligomeric stabilizers. Part II. Polypropylene matrix
Alariqi, Sameh A.S., Kumar, A. Pratheep, Rao, B.S.M. Rao and Singh, R.P.. 2007. "Stabilization of γ-sterilized biomedical polyolefins by synergistic mixtures of oligomeric stabilizers. Part II. Polypropylene matrix ." Polymer Degradation and Stability. 92 (2), pp. 299-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.10.010
Photo-/Bio-degradability of Agro Waste and Ethylene–Propylene Copolymers Composites Under Abiotic and Biotic Environments
Kumar, A. Pratheep, Pandey, Jitendra K., Kumar, Bijendra and Singh, R. P.. 2006. "Photo-/Bio-degradability of Agro Waste and Ethylene–Propylene Copolymers Composites Under Abiotic and Biotic Environments." Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 14 (2), pp. 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-006-0012-9
Preparation and characterization of novel hybrid of chitosan-g-lactic acid and montmorillonite
Depan, Dilip, Annamalai, Annamalai Pratheep and Singh, Raj Pal. 2006. "Preparation and characterization of novel hybrid of chitosan-g-lactic acid and montmorillonite." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 78 (2), pp. 372-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30738
Stabilization of γ-sterilized biomedical polyolefins by synergistic mixtures of oligomeric stabilizers
Alariqi, Sameh. A.S., Annamalai, A. Pratheep, Rao, B.S.M., Tevtia, Amit K. and Singh, R.P.. 2006. "Stabilization of γ-sterilized biomedical polyolefins by synergistic mixtures of oligomeric stabilizers ." Polymer Degradation and Stability. 91 (10), pp. 2451-2464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.010
Biodegradation of γ-sterilised biomedical polyolefins under composting and fungal culture environments
Alariqi, Sameh A.S., Kumar, A. Pratheep, Rao, B.S.M. and Singh, R.P.. 2006. "Biodegradation of γ-sterilised biomedical polyolefins under composting and fungal culture environments." Polymer Degradation and Stability. 91 (5), pp. 1105-1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.07.004
An overview on the degradability of polymer nanocomposites
Pandey, Jitendra K., Reddy, K. Raghunatha, Kumar, A. Pratheep and Singh, R.P.. 2005. "An overview on the degradability of polymer nanocomposites." Polymer Degradation and Stability. 88 (2), pp. 234-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.09.013
Recent Advances in Biodegradable Nanocomposites
Pandey, Jitendra K., Kumar, A. Pratheep, Misra, Manjusri, Mohanty, Amar K., Drzal, Lawrence T. and Singh, Raj. 2005. "Recent Advances in Biodegradable Nanocomposites ." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 5 (4), pp. 497-526. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2005.111
Degradability of composites, prepared from ethylene–propylene copolymer and jute fiber under accelerated aging and biotic environments
Annamalai, Annamalai Pratheep, Singh, Raj Pal and Sarwade, Bhimrao D.. 2005. "Degradability of composites, prepared from ethylene–propylene copolymer and jute fiber under accelerated aging and biotic environments." Materials Chemistry and Physics. 92 (2-3), pp. 458-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.01.027
Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of novel stabilized TDI-based polyurethane coatings under accelerated weathering
Kumar, A. Pratheep, Reddy, K. Raghunatha, Rana, Sravendra, Lonkar, Sunil P., Raut, K.G. and Singh, Raj Pal. 2005. "Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of novel stabilized TDI-based polyurethane coatings under accelerated weathering." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology. 11 (1), pp. 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.20032
Biodegradation of packaging materials: Composting of polyolefins
Pandey, Jitendra K., Kumar, A. Pratheep and Singh, R.P.. 2003. "Biodegradation of packaging materials: Composting of polyolefins." Macromolecular Symposia. 197 (1), pp. 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.200350735