Two dimensions of psychological country-level differences: conservatism/liberalism and harshness/softness
Article
Article Title | Two dimensions of psychological country-level differences: conservatism/liberalism and harshness/softness |
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ERA Journal ID | 6506 |
Article Category | Article |
Authors | Stankov, Lazar (Author), Lee, Jihyun (Author) and van de Vijver, Fons J. R. (Author) |
Journal Title | Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education |
Journal Citation | 30, pp. 22-33 |
Number of Pages | 12 |
Year | 2014 |
Place of Publication | United Kingdom |
ISSN | 1041-6080 |
1873-3425 | |
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.12.001 |
Web Address (URL) | http://ac.els-cdn.com/S104160801300215X/1-s2.0-S104160801300215X-main.pdf?_tid=96ed6018-7bf8-11e7-ba10-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1502169508_2d719f146b070e159053ae227a4d8696 |
Abstract | We examined dimensions of noncognitive functioning based on the administration of 22 measures of personality, social attitudes, values, and social norms in 35 countries (Ns ranging from 9 to 430; Total N= 1895). Four essentially identical factors were found at individual and country level: Personality/Social Attitudes; Values; Social Norms, and Conservatism. The four factors were correlated at country level, yielding a second-order conservatism/Liberalism (combining Conservatism and Values) and a Harshness/Softness factor (combining Personality/Social Attitudes and Norms). Broad Conservatism/Liberalism is akin to Inglehart's (1997) contrast between survival and well-being; it was negatively correlated with countries' affluence, educational achievement indicators, and measures of mass communication and freedom. The Harshness/Softness factor contrasts countries that are tough and harsh/unforgiving and countries that are warm and tolerant; it is related to Gelfand et al.'s (2011) tightness/looseness dimension. Harshness/Softness factor was (negatively) correlated with death penalty, murder rate and muggings, and the proportion of Christians; it was positively correlated with Minkov's (2011) index of Industry and his index of countries' death penalty application. It is concluded that the domain of noncognitive psychological functioning has a fairly corresponding structure at individual and country levels. |
Keywords | cross-cultural differences; harshness/softness; liberalism/conservatism; multilevel analysis |
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 529999. Other psychology not elsewhere classified |
Public Notes | Files associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions. |
Byline Affiliations | University of Western Sydney |
University of New South Wales | |
Tilburg University, Netherlands | |
Institution of Origin | University of Southern Queensland |
https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q458w/two-dimensions-of-psychological-country-level-differences-conservatism-liberalism-and-harshness-softness
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