Two dimensions of psychological country-level differences: conservatism/liberalism and harshness/softness

Article

Stankov, Lazar, Lee, Jihyun and van de Vijver, Fons J. R.. 2014. "Two dimensions of psychological country-level differences: conservatism/liberalism and harshness/softness." Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education. 30, pp. 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.12.001

Article Title	Two dimensions of psychological country-level differences: conservatism/liberalism and harshness/softness
ERA Journal ID	6506
Article Category	Article
Authors	Stankov, Lazar (Author), Lee, Jihyun (Author) and van de Vijver, Fons J. R. (Author)
Journal Title	Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education
Journal Citation	30, pp. 22-33
Number of Pages	12
Year	2014
Place of Publication	United Kingdom
ISSN	1041-6080
	1873-3425
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.12.001
Web Address (URL)	http://ac.els-cdn.com/S104160801300215X/1-s2.0-S104160801300215X-main.pdf?_tid=96ed6018-7bf8-11e7-ba10-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1502169508_2d719f146b070e159053ae227a4d8696
Abstract	We examined dimensions of noncognitive functioning based on the administration of 22 measures of personality, social attitudes, values, and social norms in 35 countries (Ns ranging from 9 to 430; Total N= 1895). Four essentially identical factors were found at individual and country level: Personality/Social Attitudes; Values; Social Norms, and Conservatism. The four factors were correlated at country level, yielding a second-order conservatism/Liberalism (combining Conservatism and Values) and a Harshness/Softness factor (combining Personality/Social Attitudes and Norms). Broad Conservatism/Liberalism is akin to Inglehart's (1997) contrast between survival and well-being; it was negatively correlated with countries' affluence, educational achievement indicators, and measures of mass communication and freedom. The Harshness/Softness factor contrasts countries that are tough and harsh/unforgiving and countries that are warm and tolerant; it is related to Gelfand et al.'s (2011) tightness/looseness dimension. Harshness/Softness factor was (negatively) correlated with death penalty, murder rate and muggings, and the proportion of Christians; it was positively correlated with Minkov's (2011) index of Industry and his index of countries' death penalty application. It is concluded that the domain of noncognitive psychological functioning has a fairly corresponding structure at individual and country levels.
Keywords	cross-cultural differences; harshness/softness; liberalism/conservatism; multilevel analysis
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020	529999. Other psychology not elsewhere classified
Public Notes	Files associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions.
Byline Affiliations	University of Western Sydney
	University of New South Wales
	Tilburg University, Netherlands
Institution of Origin	University of Southern Queensland

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