Two dimensions of psychological country-level differences: conservatism/liberalism and harshness/softness

Article

Stankov, Lazar, Lee, Jihyun and van de Vijver, Fons J. R.. 2014. "Two dimensions of psychological country-level differences: conservatism/liberalism and harshness/softness." Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education. 30, pp. 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.12.001

Article Title	Two dimensions of psychological country-level differences: conservatism/liberalism and harshness/softness
ERA Journal ID	6506
Article Category	Article
Authors	Stankov, Lazar (Author), Lee, Jihyun (Author) and van de Vijver, Fons J. R. (Author)
Journal Title	Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education
Journal Citation	30, pp. 22-33
Number of Pages	12
Year	2014
Place of Publication	United Kingdom
ISSN	1041-6080
	1873-3425
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.12.001
Web Address (URL)	http://ac.els-cdn.com/S104160801300215X/1-s2.0-S104160801300215X-main.pdf?_tid=96ed6018-7bf8-11e7-ba10-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1502169508_2d719f146b070e159053ae227a4d8696
Abstract	We examined dimensions of noncognitive functioning based on the administration of 22 measures of personality, social attitudes, values, and social norms in 35 countries (Ns ranging from 9 to 430; Total N= 1895). Four essentially identical factors were found at individual and country level: Personality/Social Attitudes; Values; Social Norms, and Conservatism. The four factors were correlated at country level, yielding a second-order conservatism/Liberalism (combining Conservatism and Values) and a Harshness/Softness factor (combining Personality/Social Attitudes and Norms). Broad Conservatism/Liberalism is akin to Inglehart's (1997) contrast between survival and well-being; it was negatively correlated with countries' affluence, educational achievement indicators, and measures of mass communication and freedom. The Harshness/Softness factor contrasts countries that are tough and harsh/unforgiving and countries that are warm and tolerant; it is related to Gelfand et al.'s (2011) tightness/looseness dimension. Harshness/Softness factor was (negatively) correlated with death penalty, murder rate and muggings, and the proportion of Christians; it was positively correlated with Minkov's (2011) index of Industry and his index of countries' death penalty application. It is concluded that the domain of noncognitive psychological functioning has a fairly corresponding structure at individual and country levels.
Keywords	cross-cultural differences; harshness/softness; liberalism/conservatism; multilevel analysis
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020	529999. Other psychology not elsewhere classified
Public Notes	Files associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions.
Byline Affiliations	University of Western Sydney
	University of New South Wales
	Tilburg University, Netherlands
Institution of Origin	University of Southern Queensland

Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q458w/two-dimensions-of-psychological-country-level-differences-conservatism-liberalism-and-harshness-softness

1020
total views
7
total downloads
0
views this month
0
downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Four GLOBE dimensions of perceived social norms in 33 countries

Stankov, Lazar. 2015. "Four GLOBE dimensions of perceived social norms in 33 countries." Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education. 41, pp. 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.07.005

Individual, country and societal cluster differences on measures of personality, attitudes, values, and social norms

Stankov, Lazar. 2011. "Individual, country and societal cluster differences on measures of personality, attitudes, values, and social norms." Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education. 21 (1), pp. 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2010.09.002

Confidence: a better predictor of academic achievement than self-efficacy, self-concept and anxiety?

Stankov, Lazar, Lee, Jihyun, Luo, Wenshu and Hogan, David J.. 2012. "Confidence: a better predictor of academic achievement than self-efficacy, self-concept and anxiety?" Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education. 22 (6), pp. 747-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.05.013

Higher-order structure of noncognitive constructs and prediction of PISA 2003 mathematics achievement

Lee, Jihyun and Stankov, Lazar. 2013. "Higher-order structure of noncognitive constructs and prediction of PISA 2003 mathematics achievement." Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education. 26, pp. 119-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.05.004

Major psychological dimensions of cross-cultural differences: nastiness, social awareness/morality, religiosity and broad conservatism/liberalism

Stankov, Lazar. 2016. "Major psychological dimensions of cross-cultural differences: nastiness, social awareness/morality, religiosity and broad conservatism/liberalism." Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education. 49, pp. 138-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.06.003

Whither metacognition

Stankov, Lazar and Kleitman, Sabina. 2014. "Whither metacognition." Learning and Individual Differences: journal of psychology and education. 29, pp. 120-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.06.001

Large-scale online writing assessments: new approaches adopted in the national assessment of educational progress

Lee, Jihyun and Stankov, Lazar. 2012. "Large-scale online writing assessments: new approaches adopted in the national assessment of educational progress." Grigorenko, Elena L., Mambrino, Elisa and Preoss, David D. (ed.) Writing: a mosaic of new perspectives. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 384-401

Militant extremist mindset

Stankov, Lazar, Saucier, Gerard and Knezevic, Goran. 2011. "Militant extremist mindset." Boag, Simon and Tiliopoulos, Niko (ed.) Personality and individual differences: theory, assessment, and application. Hauppauge, N.Y.. Nova Science Publishers. pp. 131-140

Measures of the trait of confidence

Stankov, Lazar, Kleitman, Sabina and Jackson, Simon A.. 2015. "Measures of the trait of confidence." Boyle, Gregory J., Saklofske, Donald H. and Matthews, Gerald (ed.) Measures of personality and social psychological constructs. London, United Kingdom. Elsevier. pp. 158-189

Depression and life satisfaction among european and confucian adolescents

Stankov, Lazar. 2013. "Depression and life satisfaction among european and confucian adolescents." Psychological Assessment. 25 (4), pp. 1220-1234. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033794

Confidence: the best non-cognitive predictor of academic achievement?

Stankov, Lazar, Morony, Suzanne and Lee, Yim Ping. 2014. "Confidence: the best non-cognitive predictor of academic achievement?" Educational Psychology: an international journal of experimental educational psychology. 34 (1), pp. 9-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2013.814194

Individual differences in decision making depend on cognitive abilities, monitoring and control

Jackson, Simon A., Kleitman, Sabina, Stankov, Lazar and Howie, Pauline. 2017. "Individual differences in decision making depend on cognitive abilities, monitoring and control." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 30 (2), pp. 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1939

Social axioms in 33 countries: good replicability at the individual but less so at the country level

Stankov, Lazar and Saucier, Gerard. 2015. "Social axioms in 33 countries: good replicability at the individual but less so at the country level." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 46 (2), pp. 296-315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114558333

Individual differences in cognitive biases: evidence against one-factor theory of rationality

Teovanovic, Predrag, Knezevic, Goran and Stankov, Lazar. 2015. "Individual differences in cognitive biases: evidence against one-factor theory of rationality." Intelligence. 50, pp. 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.02.008

Self-beliefs: strong correlates of mathematics achievement and intelligence

Stankov, Lazar and Lee, Jihyun. 2017. "Self-beliefs: strong correlates of mathematics achievement and intelligence." Intelligence. 61, pp. 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2016.12.001

Quest for the best non-cognitive predictor of academic achievement

Stankov, Lazar and Lee, Jihyun. 2014. "Quest for the best non-cognitive predictor of academic achievement." Educational Psychology: an international journal of experimental educational psychology. 34 (1), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2013.858908

Noncognitive predictors of intelligence and academic achievement: an important role of confidence

Stankov, Lazar. 2013. "Noncognitive predictors of intelligence and academic achievement: an important role of confidence." Personality and Individual Differences. 55 (7), pp. 727-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.006

Overconfidence across world regions

Stankov, Lazar and Lee, Jihyun. 2014. "Overconfidence across world regions." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 45 (5), pp. 821-837. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114527345

Toward a psychological atlas of the world with mixture modeling

Stankov, Lazar and Lee, Jihyun. 2016. "Toward a psychological atlas of the world with mixture modeling." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 47 (2), pp. 249-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115611749

Individual differences within the psychological atlas of the world

Stankov, Lazar. 2016. "Individual differences within the psychological atlas of the world." Personality and Individual Differences. 94, pp. 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.027

Hans J. Eysenck and Raymond B. Cattell on intelligence and personality

Boyle, Gregory J., Stankov, Lazar, Martin, Nicholas G., Petrides, K. V., Eysenck, Michael W. and Ortet, Generos. 2016. "Hans J. Eysenck and Raymond B. Cattell on intelligence and personality." Personality and Individual Differences. 103, pp. 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.029

Perceptual underconfidence: a conceptual illusion?

Stankov, Lazar, Pallier, Gerry, Danthiir, Vanessa and Morony, Suzanne. 2012. "Perceptual underconfidence: a conceptual illusion?" European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 28 (3), pp. 190-200. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000126

Predicting achievement: confidence vs self-efficacy, anxiety, and self-concept in Confucian and European countries

Morony, Suzanne, Kleitman, Sabina, Lee, Yim Ping and Stankov, Lazar. 2013. "Predicting achievement: confidence vs self-efficacy, anxiety, and self-concept in Confucian and European countries." International Journal of Educational Research. 58, pp. 79-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2012.11.002

Nastiness, morality and religiosity in 33 nations

Stankov, Lazar and Lee, Jihyun. 2016. "Nastiness, morality and religiosity in 33 nations." Personality and Individual Differences. 99, pp. 56-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.069

Decision pattern analysis as a general framework for studying individual differences in decision making

Jackson, Simon A., Kleitman, Sabina, Stankov, Lazar and Howie, Pauline. 2016. "Decision pattern analysis as a general framework for studying individual differences in decision making." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 29 (4), pp. 392-408. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1887

Cognitive abilities, monitoring confidence, and control thresholds explain individual differences in heuristics and biases

Jackson, Simon A., Kleitman, Sabina, Howie, Pauline and Stankov, Lazar. 2016. "Cognitive abilities, monitoring confidence, and control thresholds explain individual differences in heuristics and biases." Frontiers in Psychology. 7, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01559