The role of microbiota and inflammation in self-judgement and empathy: implications for understanding the brain-gut-microbiome axis in depression

Article

Heym, N., Heasman, B. C., Hunter, K., Blanco, S. R., Wang, G. Y., Siegert, R., Cleare, A., Gibson, G. R., Kumari, V. and Sumich, A. L.. 2019. "The role of microbiota and inflammation in self-judgement and empathy: implications for understanding the brain-gut-microbiome axis in depression." Psychopharmacology. 236 (5), pp. 1459-1470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05230-2
Article Title

The role of microbiota and inflammation in self-judgement and empathy: implications for understanding the brain-gut-microbiome axis in depression

ERA Journal ID14856
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsHeym, N. (Author), Heasman, B. C. (Author), Hunter, K. (Author), Blanco, S. R. (Author), Wang, G. Y. (Author), Siegert, R. (Author), Cleare, A. (Author), Gibson, G. R. (Author), Kumari, V. (Author) and Sumich, A. L. (Author)
Journal TitlePsychopharmacology
Journal Citation236 (5), pp. 1459-1470
Number of Pages12
Year2019
PublisherSpringer
Place of PublicationGermany
ISSN0033-3158
1432-2072
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05230-2
Web Address (URL)https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-019-05230-2
Abstract

Rationale: The gut-brain axis includes bidirectional communication between intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. have been implicated in psychological health, such as depression, through various pathways (e.g. inflammation). Research needs a better understanding of direct and indirect effects through examination of psychological factors that make people susceptible to, or offer protection against, depression. Objective: This study investigated the relationships between gut microbiota, inflammation and psychological risk and resilience factors for depression. Methods: Forty participants (13 m/27 f) recruited from the general population completed self-report questionnaires for depression, self-judgement, over-identification and affective and cognitive empathy. Faecal and blood samples were taken to assay microbiota (Bifidobacterium; Lactobacillus spp.) and pro-inflammatory molecules (C-reactive protein, CRP and interleukin-6, IL-6), respectively. Results: Hierarchical regression analyses (controlling for sex, age and the shared variance of risk and resilience factors) showed that (i) cognitive depression was significantly predicted by negative self-judgement and reduced cognitive empathy; (ii) abundance of Lactobacillus spp. was directly related to positive self-judgement but only indirectly to cognitive depression and lower affective empathy (both through self-judgement); and (iii) CRP was the strongest predictor of reduced cognitive empathy, with suppression effects seen for age (negative) and IL-6 (positive) after controlling for CRP. Conclusions: Findings suggest that lactobacilli and inflammation may be differentially associated with mood disorder via brain mechanisms underpinning self-judgement and cognitive empathy, respectively. Further trials investigating interventions to increase Lactobacillus spp. in depression would benefit from direct measures of self-judgement and affective empathic distress, whilst those that aim to reduce inflammation should investigate cognitive empathy.

KeywordsBrain-gut-microbiota axis; Cognitive empathy, affective empathy, over-identification; Depression; Inflammation; Lactobacillus; Self-judgement
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020520206. Psychophysiology
Byline AffiliationsNottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
King's College London, United Kingdom
University of Reading, United Kingdom
Brunel University, United Kingdom
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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