Diagnosing plant diseases: what do we ask and why do we ask for it?

Article

Adorada, Dante L., Sigel, Luise, Kelly, Lisa and Sparks, Adam H.. 2017. "Diagnosing plant diseases: what do we ask and why do we ask for it?" GRDC Extension AUS. 4 (8).
Article Title

Diagnosing plant diseases: what do we ask and why do we ask for it?

Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsAdorada, Dante L. (Author), Sigel, Luise (Author), Kelly, Lisa (Author) and Sparks, Adam H. (Author)
Journal TitleGRDC Extension AUS
Journal Citation4 (8)
Number of Pages4
Year2017
Place of PublicationAustralia
Web Address (URL)http://extensionaus.com.au/field-crop-diseases/diagnosing-plant-diseases-ask-ask/
Abstract

Diagnosing a plant disease or other injury is like going to a medical doctor who must ask several questions before making an accurate diagnosis and recommending a treatment. If you withhold information, it can lead to a misdiagnosis. The same goes for crop diseases. Plant pathologists, specifically diagnosticians, are often asked “What is wrong with my plant; followed by, what can I do to manage the problem?” In most cases it may be too late to save the specific plant, but a correct diagnosis is important to prescribe methods that prevent the problem on other plants or in the future.
So how do we go about diagnosing plant diseases? Proper identification of diseases and of the causal agents is vital in prescribing a sound disease management strategy, avoiding further losses and preventing the waste of time and money.
Often, we rely on symptoms for the identification of a disease. As similar symptoms can be produced by different causal agents, the use of symptoms alone in most cases is an inadequate method for disease identification. While other
methods for identification are available, it may also take a week or more to accurately identify the disease-causing agent.
So, what can diagnosticians do? Asking many questions related to the plants’ environmental and cultural factors to help eliminate or identify possible causes of the problem. To help gather this information we provide disease diagnosis request forms for you to fill out when requesting our free diagnostic services. It is important that you use the form relevant to the laboratory you are submitting a sample to.
QDAF Plant Disease Enquiry Form 
USQ Centre for Crop Health Plant Disease Diagnosis Submission Form 
Disease testing services around Australia Information gathered from these forms is crucial in helping narrow the problem down to a few suspects, which will require further study in the laboratory before making a final diagnosis. Regardless of the outcome, a recommendation will be given as to what should be done with the problem.

ANZSRC Field of Research 2020300409. Crop and pasture protection (incl. pests, diseases and weeds)
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Byline AffiliationsCentre for Crop Health
Agriculture Victoria
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Milgate, Andrew, Adorada, Dante, Chambers, Grant and Terras, Mary Ann. 2016. "Occurrence of winter cereal viruses in New South Wales, Australia, 2006 to 2014." Plant Disease: an international journal of applied plant pathology. 100 (2), pp. 313-317. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-15-0650-RE
Crop health and its global impacts on the components of food security
Savary, S., Bregaglio, S., Willocquet, L., Gustafson, D., Mason D'Croz, D., Sparks, A., Castilla, N., Djurle, A., Allinne, C., Sharma, Mamta, Rossi, V., Amorim, L., Bergamin, A., Yuen, J., Esker, P., McRoberts, Neil, Avelino, J., Duveiller, E., Koo, J. and Garrett, K.. 2017. "Crop health and its global impacts on the components of food security." Food Security: the science, sociology and economics of food production and access to food. 9 (2), pp. 311-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0659-1
Plant pathogens as indicators of climate change
Garrett, K. A., Nita, M., De Wolf, E. D., Esker, P. D., Gomez-Montano, L. and Sparks, A. H.. 2016. "Plant pathogens as indicators of climate change." Letcher, Trevor M. (ed.) Climate change: observed impacts on planet Earth. Netherlands. Elsevier. pp. 325-338
Is rice improvement still making a difference? Assessing the economic, poverty and food security impacts of rice varieties released from 1989 to 2009 in Bangladesh, Indonesia and the Philippines
Raitzer, D. A., Sparks, A. H., Huelgas, Z., Maligalig, R., Balangue, Z., Launio, C., Daradjat, A. and Ahmed, H. U.. 2015. Is rice improvement still making a difference? Assessing the economic, poverty and food security impacts of rice varieties released from 1989 to 2009 in Bangladesh, Indonesia and the Philippines. Rome, Italy. CGIAR Independent Science and Partnership Council.
DAQ00186 2015 annual report
Sparks, Adam H., Kelly, Lisa, Sharman, Murray, Thompson, Sue, Wenham, Kylie and White, Jo. 2016. DAQ00186 2015 annual report. Australia. Grains Research and Development Corporation.
An introduction to key distributions and models in epidemiology using R
Garrett, Karen A., Esker, Paul D. and Sparks, Adam H.. 2015. "An introduction to key distributions and models in epidemiology using R." Stevenson, Katherine L. and Jeger, Michael J. (ed.) Exercises in plant disease epidemiology. St. Paul, Minnesota. American Phytopathological Society. pp. 3-14
Standardizing resistance screening to Pseudomonas fuscovaginae and evaluation of rice germplasm at seedling and adult plant growth stages
Adorada, Dante L., Stodart, B. J., Vera Cruz, C., Gregorio, G., Pangga, I. and Ash, G. J.. 2013. "Standardizing resistance screening to Pseudomonas fuscovaginae and evaluation of rice germplasm at seedling and adult plant growth stages." Euphytica: international journal on plant breeding. 192 (1), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-012-0804-z
Genetic improvement of triticale for irrigated systems in south-eastern Australia: a study of genotype and genotype x environment interactions
Milgate, Andrew, Ovenden, Ben, Adorada, Dante, Lisle, Chris, Lacy, John and Coombes, Neil. 2015. "Genetic improvement of triticale for irrigated systems in south-eastern Australia: a study of genotype and genotype x environment interactions." Crop and Pasture Science. 66 (8), pp. 782-792. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP14357
bomrang: fetch Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology data in R [Journal of Open Source Software, vol. 2, no. 17, 411]
Sparks, Adam H., Padgham, Mark, Parsonage, Hugh and Pembleton, Keith. 2017. bomrang: fetch Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology data in R [Journal of Open Source Software, vol. 2, no. 17, 411]. Baltimore, Maryland, United States. NumFOCUS. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00411
getCRUCLdata: use and explore CRU CL v. 2.0 climatology elements in R
Sparks, Adam H.. 2017. getCRUCLdata: use and explore CRU CL v. 2.0 climatology elements in R. https://cran.r-project.org/package=getCRUCLdata. Comprehensive R Archive Network. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00230
GSODR: Global Summary Daily Weather Data in R
Sparks, Adam H., Hengl, Tomislav and Nelson, Andrew. 2017. GSODR: Global Summary Daily Weather Data in R. https://cran.r-project.org/package=GSODR. Comprehensive R Archive Network. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00177
Tapping into ancient sources of disease resistance to protect our modern barley cultivars - barley scald 2015
Adorada, Dante and Milgate, Andrew. 2016. "Tapping into ancient sources of disease resistance to protect our modern barley cultivars - barley scald 2015." Southern NSW Research Results 2015.
Reaction of Australian barley varieties to scald from southern NSW 2015
Adorada, Dante and Milgate, Andrew. 2016. "Reaction of Australian barley varieties to scald from southern NSW 2015." Southern NSW Research Results 2015.
Spatial modelling of rice yield losses in Tanzania due to bacterial leaf blight and leaf blast in a changing climate
Duku, Confidence, Sparks, Adam H. and Zwart, Sander J.. 2016. "Spatial modelling of rice yield losses in Tanzania due to bacterial leaf blight and leaf blast in a changing climate." Climatic Change: an interdisciplinary, international journal devoted to the description, causes and implications of climatic change. 135 (3-4), pp. 569-583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1580-2
Decision tools for bacterial blight resistance gene deployment in rice-based agricultural ecosystems
Dossa, Gerbert S., Sparks, Adam, Vera Cruz, Cassiana and Oliva, Ricardo. 2015. "Decision tools for bacterial blight resistance gene deployment in rice-based agricultural ecosystems." Frontiers in Plant Science. 6, pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00305
Climate change may have limited effect on global risk of potato late blight
Sparks, Adam H., Forbes, Gregory A., Hijmans, Robert J. and Garrett, Karen A.. 2014. "Climate change may have limited effect on global risk of potato late blight." Global Change Biology. 20 (12), pp. 3621-3631. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12587
A review on crop losses, epidemiology and disease management of rice brown spot to identify research priorities and knowledge gaps
Barnwal, M. K., Kotasthane, A., Magculia, N., Mukherjee, P. K., Savary, S., Sharma, A. K., Singh, H. B., Singh, U. S., Sparks, A. H., Variar, M. and Zaidi, N.. 2013. "A review on crop losses, epidemiology and disease management of rice brown spot to identify research priorities and knowledge gaps." European Journal of Plant Pathology. 136 (3), pp. 443-457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-013-0195-6
Taking transgenic rice drought screening to the field
Gaudin, Amelie C. M., Henry, Amelia, Sparks, Adam H. and Slamet-Loedin, Inez H.. 2013. "Taking transgenic rice drought screening to the field." Journal of Experimental Botany. 64 (1), pp. 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers313
An economic assessment of the impact of mango pulp weevil on the agricultural sector of Palawan, Philippines
McKinley, Justin D., Sparks, Adam H., Pede, Valerien O. and Duff, Bart. 2012. "An economic assessment of the impact of mango pulp weevil on the agricultural sector of Palawan, Philippines." The Philippine Agricultural Scientist: an international journal of tropical agriculture and related sciences. 95 (3), pp. 286-292.
Complexity in climate-change impacts: an analytical framework for effects mediated by plant disease
Garrett, K. A., Forbes, G. A., Savary, S., Skelsey, P., Sparks, A. H., Valdivia, C., van Bruggen, A. H. C., Willocquet, L., Djurle, A., Duveiller, E., Eckersten, H., Pande, S., Vera Cruz, C. and Yuen, J.. 2011. "Complexity in climate-change impacts: an analytical framework for effects mediated by plant disease." Plant Pathology. 60 (1), pp. 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02409.x
International agricultural research tackling the effects of global and climate changes on plant diseases in the developing world
Savary, Serge, Nelson, Andrew, Sparks, Adam H, Willocquet, Laetitia, Duveiller, Etienne, Mahaku, George, Forbes, Greg, Garrett, Karen A., Hodson, David, Padgham, Jon, Pande, Suresh, Sharma, Mamta, Yuen, Jonathan and Djurle, Annika. 2011. "International agricultural research tackling the effects of global and climate changes on plant diseases in the developing world." Plant Disease: an international journal of applied plant pathology. 95 (10), pp. 1204-1216. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-11-0316
A metamodeling framework for extending the application domain of process-based ecological models
Sparks, Adam H., Forbes, Gregory A., Hijmans, Robert and Garrett, Karen A.. 2011. "A metamodeling framework for extending the application domain of process-based ecological models." Ecosphere. 2 (8). https://doi.org/10.1890/ES11-00128.1
Bacteria associated with sheath browning and grain discoloration of rice in East Timor and implications for Australia’s biosecurity
Adorada, Dante L., Stodart, Benjamin J., Tpoi, Roni P., Costa, Severino S. and Ash, Gavin J.. 2013. "Bacteria associated with sheath browning and grain discoloration of rice in East Timor and implications for Australia’s biosecurity." Australasian Plant Disease Notes. 8 (1), pp. 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-013-0092-z
Implications of bacterial contaminated seed lots and endophytic colonization by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae on rice establishment
Adorada, D. L., Stodart, B. J., Pangga, I. B. and Ash, G. J.. 2015. "Implications of bacterial contaminated seed lots and endophytic colonization by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae on rice establishment." Plant Pathology. 64 (1), pp. 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12243
Fusarium thapsinum is the dominant species associated with sorghum stalk rot in Queensland and northern New South Wales
Kelly, L., Tan, Y. P., Ryley, M. and Aitken, E.. 2011. "Fusarium thapsinum is the dominant species associated with sorghum stalk rot in Queensland and northern New South Wales." Tran-Nguyen, Lucy (ed.) 4th Asian Conference on Plant Pathology and the 18th Biennial Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference (ACPP/APPS 2011): New Frontiers in Plant Pathology for Asia and Oceania. Darwin, Australia 26 - 29 Apr 2011 Toowoomba, Australia.
Reduced fungicide use on a new Australian peanut cultivar, highly resistant to the late leaf spot and rust pathogens
Kelly, Lisa A., Ryley, Malcolm J., Trevorrow, Peter R., Tatnell, Jeffrey R., Nastasi, Charles and Chauhan, Yash. 2012. "Reduced fungicide use on a new Australian peanut cultivar, highly resistant to the late leaf spot and rust pathogens." Australasian Plant Pathology. 41 (4), pp. 359-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-012-0132-8
A novel technique for the early assessment of sorghum lines for resistance to Fusarium stalk rot
White, Jodie, Ryley, Malcolm and Kelly, Lisa. 2013. "A novel technique for the early assessment of sorghum lines for resistance to Fusarium stalk rot." Summer Grains Conference (ASGC 2013): Innovate, Grow, Prosper. Gold Coast, Australia 17 - 19 Jun 2013
Validation of a major QTL for salinity tolerance on chromosome 1 of rice in three different breeding populations
Islam, M.R., Gregorio, G.B., Salam, M.A., Collard, B.C.Y., Tumimbang-Raiz, E., Adorada, D.L., Mendoza, R.D., Singh, R.K. and Hassan, L.. 2011. "Validation of a major QTL for salinity tolerance on chromosome 1 of rice in three different breeding populations." Agrochimica. 55 (6), pp. 355-366.
Rice varieties and cultural management practices for high and sustained productivity in the coastal wetlands of Southern Bangladesh
Salam, M.A., Islam, M.R., Rahman, M.S., Rahman, M.A., Bhuiyan, M.A.R., Seraj, Z.I., Aditya, T.L., Uddin, M.K., Mondal, M.K., Ismail, A.M., Adorada D.L., Mendoza, R.D., Tumimbang-Raiz, E.B. and Gregorio, G.B.. 2010. "Rice varieties and cultural management practices for high and sustained productivity in the coastal wetlands of Southern Bangladesh." Hoanh, C.T., Szuster, B., Kam, S., Ismail, A. and Noble, A. (ed.) Tropical deltas and coastal zones: Food production, communities and environment at the land and water interface. CABI Publishing - Evidence on Demand. pp. 183-198
The right rice in the right place: systematic exchange and farmer-based evaluation of rice germplasm for salt-affected areas
Singh, R.K., Redoña, E., Gregorio, G.B., Salam, M.A., Islam, M.R., Singh, D.P., Sen, P., Saha, S., Mahata, K.R., Sharma, S.G., Pandey, M.P., Sajise, A.G., Mendoza, R.D., Toledo, M.C., Dante, A., Ismail, A.M., Paris, T.R., Haefele, S.M., Thomson, M.J., ..., Lang, N.T.. 2010. "The right rice in the right place: systematic exchange and farmer-based evaluation of rice germplasm for salt-affected areas." Hoanh, C.T., Szuster, B., Kam, S., Ismail, A. and Noble, A. (ed.) Tropical deltas and coastal zones: Food production, communities and environment at the land and water interface. CABI Publishing - Evidence on Demand. pp. 166-182
Characterizing the Saltol quantitative trait locus for salinity tolerance in rice
Thomson, Michael J., de Ocampo, Marjorie, Egdane, James, Rahman, M. Akhlasur, Sajise, Andres Godwin, Adorada, Dante L., Tumimbang-Raiz, Ellen, Blumwald, Eduardo, Seraj, Zeba I., Singh, Rakesh K., Gregorio, Glenn B. and Ismail, Abdelbagi M.. 2010. "Characterizing the Saltol quantitative trait locus for salinity tolerance in rice." Rice. 3 (2-3), pp. 148-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12284-010-9053-8
Disease development and enhanced susceptibility of wounded pepper roots to Phytophthora capsici
Adorada D. L., Biles, C. L., Liddell, C. M., Fernández-Pavía, S., Waugh, K. O. and Waugh, M. E.. 2000. "Disease development and enhanced susceptibility of wounded pepper roots to Phytophthora capsici." Plant Pathology. 49 (6), pp. 719-726. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00510.x
Phylogeny, Ribosomal RNA Gene Typing and Relative Abundance of New Pseudomonas species (sensu stricto) isolated from Two Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Soils of the Arid Southwest U.S.
Kuske, Cheryl R., Busch, Joseph D., Adorada, Dante L., Dunbar, John M. and Barns, Susan M.. 1999. "Phylogeny, Ribosomal RNA Gene Typing and Relative Abundance of New Pseudomonas species (sensu stricto) isolated from Two Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Soils of the Arid Southwest U.S. " Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 22 (2), pp. 300-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0723-2020(99)80077-0
Small-Scale DNA Sample Preparation Method for Field PCR Detection of Microbial Cells and Spores in Soil
Kuske, Cheryl R., Banton, Kaysie L., Adorada, Dante L., Stark, Peter C., Hill, Karen K. and Jackson, Paul J. Jackson. 1998. "Small-Scale DNA Sample Preparation Method for Field PCR Detection of Microbial Cells and Spores in Soil ." Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 64 (7), pp. 2463-2472. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.7.2463-2472.1998