Comprehensive analysis of little leaf disease incidence and resistance in eggplant

Article

Muthusamy, Muthusamy, Yogiraj, Gawande Priya, Elaiyabharath, Thiyagarajan, Jesu, Bonipas Antony John, Johnson, Iruthayasamy, Jaffer, Shajith Basha, Dhanabalan, Shanmuga Priya, Boopathi, Narayanan Manikanda, Marimuthu, Subbaiyan, Shobeiri Nejad, Hamid, Adorada, Dante L. and Periyannan, Sambasivam. 2024. "Comprehensive analysis of little leaf disease incidence and resistance in eggplant." BMC Plant Biology. 24, p. 576. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-024-05257-4
Article Title

Comprehensive analysis of little leaf disease incidence and resistance in eggplant

ERA Journal ID2567
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsMuthusamy, Muthusamy, Yogiraj, Gawande Priya, Elaiyabharath, Thiyagarajan, Jesu, Bonipas Antony John, Johnson, Iruthayasamy, Jaffer, Shajith Basha, Dhanabalan, Shanmuga Priya, Boopathi, Narayanan Manikanda, Marimuthu, Subbaiyan, Shobeiri Nejad, Hamid, Adorada, Dante L. and Periyannan, Sambasivam
Journal TitleBMC Plant Biology
Journal Citation24, p. 576
Number of Pages14
Year2024
PublisherBioMed Central Ltd.
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN1471-2229
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-024-05257-4
Web Address (URL)https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12870-024-05257-4
Abstract

Background
Little leaf disease caused by phytoplasma infection is a significant threat to eggplant (also known as brinjal) cultivation in India. This study focused on the molecular characterisation of the phytoplasma strains and insect vectors responsible for its transmission and screening of brinjal germplasm for resistance to little leaf disease.

Results
Surveys conducted across districts in the Tamil Nadu state of India during 2021–2022 showed a higher incidence of phytoplasma during the Zaid (March to June), followed by Kharif (June to November) and Rabi (November to March) seasons with mean incidence ranging from 22 to 27%. As the name indicates, phytoplasma infection results in little leaf (reduction in leaf size), excessive growth of axillary shoots, virescence, phyllody, stunted growth, leaf chlorosis and witches’ broom symptoms. PCR amplification with phytoplasma-specific primers confirmed the presence of this pathogen in all symptomatic brinjal plants and in Hishimonus phycitis (leafhopper), providing valuable insights into the role of leafhoppers in disease transmission. BLAST search and phylogenetic analysis revealed the phytoplasma strain as “Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii”. Insect population and disease dynamics are highly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Further, the evaluation of 22 eggplant accessions revealed immune to highly susceptible responses where over 50% of the entries were highly susceptible. Finally, additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and won-where biplot analyses identified G18 as a best-performing accession for little leaf resistance due to its consistent responses across multiple environments.

Conclusions
This research contributes essential information on little leaf incidence, symptoms, transmission and resistance profiles of different brinjal genotypes, which together ensure effective and sustainable management of this important disease of eggplants.

KeywordsLittle leaf; Resistant genotypes; Leafhopper-Hishimonas phycitis; Eggplant; Phytoplasma
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020300406. Crop and pasture improvement (incl. selection and breeding)
Byline AffiliationsCentre for Crop Health
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India
Centre for Applied Climate Sciences
School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing
School of Agriculture and Environmental Science
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What can we learn from population genomics studies of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, the cause of tan spot on mungbean?
Vaghefi, N., Adorada, D., Adorada, E., Kelly, L., Young, A. and Sparks, A.. 2019. "What can we learn from population genomics studies of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, the cause of tan spot on mungbean?" 22nd Biennial Australasian Plant Pathology Society Conference (APPS 2019): Strong Foundations, Future Innovations. Melbourne, Australia 25 - 28 Nov 2019
Fungicide resistance research in Queensland
Adorada, Dante. 2019. "Fungicide resistance research in Queensland." 2019 Grains Research and Development Corporation Grains Research Update. Perth, Australia 25 - 26 Feb 2019
Draft genome resource for Macrophomina phaseolina associated with charcoal rot in sorghum
Purushotham, Neeraj, Jones, Ashley, Poudel, Barsha, Nasim, Jamila, Adorada, Dante, Sparks, Adam, Schwessinger, Benjamin and Vaghefi, Niloofar. 2020. "Draft genome resource for Macrophomina phaseolina associated with charcoal rot in sorghum." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 33 (5), pp. 724-726. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-12-19-0356-A
Integrated disease management tools to manage summer crop diseases in the northern region
Adorada, Dante. 2019. "Integrated disease management tools to manage summer crop diseases in the northern region." 2019 Hermitage Research Facility Staff Research Partnership Visit. Darling Heights, Toowoomba 09 Oct 2019
Re-visiting management options for charcoal rot in sorghum (updated)
Adorada, Dante, Vaghefi, Niloofar and Sparks, Adam. 2019. "Re-visiting management options for charcoal rot in sorghum (updated)." GRDC Communities.
Moisture saves sorghum from disease in parts of the northern region
Adorada, Dante and Sparks, Adam. 2019. "Moisture saves sorghum from disease in parts of the northern region." GRDC Communities.
Low levels of disease persist during the drier summer season in parts of the northern region
Adorada, Dante and Sparks, Adam. 2019. "Low levels of disease persist during the drier summer season in parts of the northern region." GRDC Communities.
Stem rust outbreak in Queensland barley
Park, Robert, Cuddy, Will, Snyman, Lisle and Adorada, Dante. 2019. "Stem rust outbreak in Queensland barley." GroundCover.
Living with the cereal killers of New South Wales: a four-year journey with NSW-DPI Wagga Wagga
Adorada, Dante L.. 2016. "Living with the cereal killers of New South Wales: a four-year journey with NSW-DPI Wagga Wagga." Centre for Crop Health Seminar 2016. Toowoomba, Australia 01 Dec 2016
GRDC milestone updates for BACI 2.0
Adorada, Dante. 2019. GRDC milestone updates for BACI 2.0. Unpublished.
A broad look at charcoal rot in the Northern Region broadacre crops through soil sampling and in-crop surveys
Adorada, D. L., Gonzales, P., McKay, A., Vaghefi, N. and Sparks, A. H.. 2018. "A broad look at charcoal rot in the Northern Region broadacre crops through soil sampling and in-crop surveys." 10th Australasian Soilborne Diseases Symposium. Adelaide, Australia 04 - 08 Sep 2018 Australia.
Summer paddock survey finds fungal and bacterial diseases decreased but not eliminated [GRDC Field Crop Diseases Community of Practice, 1 October 2018 - Online community]
Adorada, Dante, Kelly, Lisa, Vaghefi, Niloofar and Sparks, Adam H,. 2018. "Summer paddock survey finds fungal and bacterial diseases decreased but not eliminated [GRDC Field Crop Diseases Community of Practice, 1 October 2018 - Online community]." GRDC Field Crop Diseases Community of Practice. 1 October 2018, pp. 1-8.
DAQ00186 2017 progress report: improving grower surveillance, management, epidemiology, knowledge and tools to manage crop disease
Sparks, Adam H., Adorada, Dante L., Adorada, Encar, Gonzales, Precila, Kelly, Lisa, Sharman, Murray and Grams, Raechelle. 2017. DAQ00186 2017 progress report: improving grower surveillance, management, epidemiology, knowledge and tools to manage crop disease. Australia. Grains Research and Development Corporation.
DAQ00186 2016 progress report: improving grower surveillance, management, epidemiology, knowledge and tools to manage crop disease
Sparks, Adam H., Adorada, Dante, Kelly, Lisa, Sharman, Murray, Thompson, Sue, Wenham, Kylie, White, Jodie and Grams, Raechelle. 2017. DAQ00186 2016 progress report: improving grower surveillance, management, epidemiology, knowledge and tools to manage crop disease. Australia. Grains Research and Development Corporation.
Diagnosing plant diseases: what do we ask and why do we ask for it? [Online community]
Adorada, Dante L., Sigel, Louise, Kelly, Lisa and Sparks, Adam. 2017. "Diagnosing plant diseases: what do we ask and why do we ask for it? [Online community]." GRDC Communities.
Re-visiting management options for charcoal rot in sorghum [eXtension AUS Field Crop Diseases, 19 March 2018 - Online community]
Adorada, Dante, Vaghefi, Niloofar and Sparks, Adam. 2018. "Re-visiting management options for charcoal rot in sorghum [eXtension AUS Field Crop Diseases, 19 March 2018 - Online community]." eXtension AUS Field Crop Diseases. 19 March 2018, pp. 1-8.
Diagnosing plant diseases: what do we ask and why do we ask for it?
Adorada, Dante L., Sigel, Luise, Kelly, Lisa and Sparks, Adam H.. 2017. "Diagnosing plant diseases: what do we ask and why do we ask for it?" GRDC Extension AUS. 4 (8).
Developing a fault prediction model for wired copper networks under precipitation.
Moghaddam, Mahboobeh, Nejad, Hamid Shobeiri, Mesbah, Mahmoud and Hickman, Mark. 2018. "Developing a fault prediction model for wired copper networks under precipitation." International Journal of Critical Infrastructures. 14 (3), pp. 268-293. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCIS.2018.094412
Durum wheat quality in high-input irrigation systems in south-eastern Australia
Sissons, Mike, Ovenden, Ben, Adorada, Dante and Milgate, Andrew. 2014. "Durum wheat quality in high-input irrigation systems in south-eastern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science. 65 (5), pp. 411-422. https://doi.org/10.1071/Cp13431
First report of resistance to DMI fungicides in Australian populations of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici
Milgate, A., Adorada, D., Orchard, B. and Pattemore, J.. 2016. "First report of resistance to DMI fungicides in Australian populations of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici." Plant Disease: an international journal of applied plant pathology. 100 (2), p. 552. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-15-0704-PDN
Occurrence of winter cereal viruses in New South Wales, Australia, 2006 to 2014
Milgate, Andrew, Adorada, Dante, Chambers, Grant and Terras, Mary Ann. 2016. "Occurrence of winter cereal viruses in New South Wales, Australia, 2006 to 2014." Plant Disease: an international journal of applied plant pathology. 100 (2), pp. 313-317. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-15-0650-RE
Standardizing resistance screening to Pseudomonas fuscovaginae and evaluation of rice germplasm at seedling and adult plant growth stages
Adorada, Dante L., Stodart, B. J., Vera Cruz, C., Gregorio, G., Pangga, I. and Ash, G. J.. 2013. "Standardizing resistance screening to Pseudomonas fuscovaginae and evaluation of rice germplasm at seedling and adult plant growth stages." Euphytica: international journal on plant breeding. 192 (1), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-012-0804-z
Genetic improvement of triticale for irrigated systems in south-eastern Australia: a study of genotype and genotype x environment interactions
Milgate, Andrew, Ovenden, Ben, Adorada, Dante, Lisle, Chris, Lacy, John and Coombes, Neil. 2015. "Genetic improvement of triticale for irrigated systems in south-eastern Australia: a study of genotype and genotype x environment interactions." Crop and Pasture Science. 66 (8), pp. 782-792. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP14357
Tapping into ancient sources of disease resistance to protect our modern barley cultivars - barley scald 2015
Adorada, Dante and Milgate, Andrew. 2016. "Tapping into ancient sources of disease resistance to protect our modern barley cultivars - barley scald 2015." Southern NSW Research Results 2015.
Reaction of Australian barley varieties to scald from southern NSW 2015
Adorada, Dante and Milgate, Andrew. 2016. "Reaction of Australian barley varieties to scald from southern NSW 2015." Southern NSW Research Results 2015.
Bacteria associated with sheath browning and grain discoloration of rice in East Timor and implications for Australia’s biosecurity
Adorada, Dante L., Stodart, Benjamin J., Tpoi, Roni P., Costa, Severino S. and Ash, Gavin J.. 2013. "Bacteria associated with sheath browning and grain discoloration of rice in East Timor and implications for Australia’s biosecurity." Australasian Plant Disease Notes. 8 (1), pp. 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-013-0092-z
Implications of bacterial contaminated seed lots and endophytic colonization by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae on rice establishment
Adorada, D. L., Stodart, B. J., Pangga, I. B. and Ash, G. J.. 2015. "Implications of bacterial contaminated seed lots and endophytic colonization by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae on rice establishment." Plant Pathology. 64 (1), pp. 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12243
A new mathematical model to determine loss in interconnected industry systems
Nejad, Seyed Abdelhamid Shobeiri, Tularam, Gurudeo Anand and McBroom, James. 2014. "A new mathematical model to determine loss in interconnected industry systems." European Journal of Business and Social Sciences. 2 (10), pp. 33-62.
Modeling tourist arrivals using time series analysis: Evidence from Australia
Tularam, Gurudeo Anand, Wong, Victor Siew Howe and Nejad, Seyed Abdelhamid Shobeiri. 2012. "Modeling tourist arrivals using time series analysis: Evidence from Australia." Journal of Mathematics and Statistics. 8 (3), pp. 348-360. https://doi.org/10.3844/jmssp.2012.348.360
Validation of a major QTL for salinity tolerance on chromosome 1 of rice in three different breeding populations
Islam, M.R., Gregorio, G.B., Salam, M.A., Collard, B.C.Y., Tumimbang-Raiz, E., Adorada, D.L., Mendoza, R.D., Singh, R.K. and Hassan, L.. 2011. "Validation of a major QTL for salinity tolerance on chromosome 1 of rice in three different breeding populations." Agrochimica. 55 (6), pp. 355-366.
Modeling Tourist Arrivals in Destination Countries: An Application to Australian Tourism
Shobeiri Nejad, S. A.H. and Tularam, Gurudeo Anand. 2010. "Modeling Tourist Arrivals in Destination Countries: An Application to Australian Tourism." Journal of Mathematics and Statistics. 6 (4), pp. 431-441. https://doi.org/10.3844/jmssp.2010.431.441
Rice varieties and cultural management practices for high and sustained productivity in the coastal wetlands of Southern Bangladesh
Salam, M.A., Islam, M.R., Rahman, M.S., Rahman, M.A., Bhuiyan, M.A.R., Seraj, Z.I., Aditya, T.L., Uddin, M.K., Mondal, M.K., Ismail, A.M., Adorada D.L., Mendoza, R.D., Tumimbang-Raiz, E.B. and Gregorio, G.B.. 2010. "Rice varieties and cultural management practices for high and sustained productivity in the coastal wetlands of Southern Bangladesh." Hoanh, C.T., Szuster, B., Kam, S., Ismail, A. and Noble, A. (ed.) Tropical deltas and coastal zones: Food production, communities and environment at the land and water interface. CABI Publishing - Evidence on Demand. pp. 183-198
The right rice in the right place: systematic exchange and farmer-based evaluation of rice germplasm for salt-affected areas
Singh, R.K., Redoña, E., Gregorio, G.B., Salam, M.A., Islam, M.R., Singh, D.P., Sen, P., Saha, S., Mahata, K.R., Sharma, S.G., Pandey, M.P., Sajise, A.G., Mendoza, R.D., Toledo, M.C., Dante, A., Ismail, A.M., Paris, T.R., Haefele, S.M., Thomson, M.J., ..., Lang, N.T.. 2010. "The right rice in the right place: systematic exchange and farmer-based evaluation of rice germplasm for salt-affected areas." Hoanh, C.T., Szuster, B., Kam, S., Ismail, A. and Noble, A. (ed.) Tropical deltas and coastal zones: Food production, communities and environment at the land and water interface. CABI Publishing - Evidence on Demand. pp. 166-182
Characterizing the Saltol quantitative trait locus for salinity tolerance in rice
Thomson, Michael J., de Ocampo, Marjorie, Egdane, James, Rahman, M. Akhlasur, Sajise, Andres Godwin, Adorada, Dante L., Tumimbang-Raiz, Ellen, Blumwald, Eduardo, Seraj, Zeba I., Singh, Rakesh K., Gregorio, Glenn B. and Ismail, Abdelbagi M.. 2010. "Characterizing the Saltol quantitative trait locus for salinity tolerance in rice." Rice. 3 (2-3), pp. 148-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12284-010-9053-8
Disease development and enhanced susceptibility of wounded pepper roots to Phytophthora capsici
Adorada D. L., Biles, C. L., Liddell, C. M., Fernández-Pavía, S., Waugh, K. O. and Waugh, M. E.. 2000. "Disease development and enhanced susceptibility of wounded pepper roots to Phytophthora capsici." Plant Pathology. 49 (6), pp. 719-726. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00510.x
Phylogeny, Ribosomal RNA Gene Typing and Relative Abundance of New Pseudomonas species (sensu stricto) isolated from Two Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Soils of the Arid Southwest U.S.
Kuske, Cheryl R., Busch, Joseph D., Adorada, Dante L., Dunbar, John M. and Barns, Susan M.. 1999. "Phylogeny, Ribosomal RNA Gene Typing and Relative Abundance of New Pseudomonas species (sensu stricto) isolated from Two Pinyon-Juniper Woodland Soils of the Arid Southwest U.S. " Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 22 (2), pp. 300-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0723-2020(99)80077-0
Small-Scale DNA Sample Preparation Method for Field PCR Detection of Microbial Cells and Spores in Soil
Kuske, Cheryl R., Banton, Kaysie L., Adorada, Dante L., Stark, Peter C., Hill, Karen K. and Jackson, Paul J. Jackson. 1998. "Small-Scale DNA Sample Preparation Method for Field PCR Detection of Microbial Cells and Spores in Soil ." Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 64 (7), pp. 2463-2472. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.7.2463-2472.1998