Basal and squamous cell carcinoma risks for golfers: an assessment of the influence of tee time for latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres
Article
Article Title | Basal and squamous cell carcinoma risks for golfers: an assessment of the influence of tee time for latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres |
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ERA Journal ID | 2243 |
Article Category | Article |
Authors | Downs, Nathan (Author), Parisi, Alfio (Author) and Schouten, Peter (Author) |
Journal Title | Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B: Biology |
Journal Citation | 105 (1), pp. 98-105 |
Number of Pages | 8 |
Year | 2011 |
Publisher | Elsevier |
Place of Publication | Lausanne, Switzerland |
ISSN | 1011-1344 |
1873-2682 | |
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.07.007 |
Web Address (URL) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1011134411001680 |
Abstract | This study investigates the influence of tee time to determine the relative basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) risk for weekly single round competition golfers located in the Northern and Southern latitude ranges between 25o, 35o, 45o and 55o. A comparative risk methodology, employing annual erythemally effective ultraviolet (UVE) exposure calculations was used to determine BCC and SCC risk factors for golfers using a regular weekly tee time. Relative risk was found to be proportional to golf tee time with mid morning tee times generally presenting the greatest risk in each latitude range. The greatest contribution toward the risk of developing basal and squamous cell carcinoma was found to occur for golfers beginning weekly rounds mid to late morning, with specific risk factors of 1.47 (BCC) and 1.98 (SCC) in the Northern hemisphere compared with similar maximum risk factors of 1.51 (BCC) and 2.08 (SCC) in the Southern hemisphere occurring at comparable morning tee times. Differences in annual UVE exposure between the golfer and non-golfer were the largest determinant of BCC and SCC risk. Generally, these risks were found to decrease with lower latitude although contribution toward overall risk was influenced strongly by the global time zone of each studied golf course site. |
Keywords | skin cancer; ultraviolet; golf; UV exposure |
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 321101. Cancer cell biology |
420605. Preventative health care | |
370106. Atmospheric radiation | |
Public Notes | File reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher/author. |
Byline Affiliations | Centre for Rural and Remote Area Health |
Institution of Origin | University of Southern Queensland |
https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q0x97/basal-and-squamous-cell-carcinoma-risks-for-golfers-an-assessment-of-the-influence-of-tee-time-for-latitudes-in-the-northern-and-southern-hemispheres
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