Triathlon and the potential for solar ultraviolet exposure risk assessed during the swim, bicycle and running legs of competitive Australian Ironman events
Poster
Axelsen, Taryn, Parisi, Alfio V. and Downs, Nathan J.. 2018. "Triathlon and the potential for solar ultraviolet exposure risk assessed during the swim, bicycle and running legs of competitive Australian Ironman events." 4th International Conference on UV & Skin Cancer Prevention 2018. Toronto, Canada 01 - 04 May 2018
| Paper/Presentation Title | Triathlon and the potential for solar ultraviolet exposure risk assessed during the swim, bicycle and running legs of competitive Australian Ironman events |
|---|---|
| Presentation Type | Poster |
| Authors | Axelsen, Taryn (Author), Parisi, Alfio V. (Author) and Downs, Nathan J. (Author) |
| Number of Pages | 1 |
| Year | 2018 |
| Web Address (URL) of Paper | http://www.uvandskincancer2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Conference_program_final-1.pdf |
| Conference/Event | 4th International Conference on UV & Skin Cancer Prevention 2018 |
| Event Details | 4th International Conference on UV & Skin Cancer Prevention 2018 Event Date 01 to end of 04 May 2018 Event Location Toronto, Canada |
| Abstract | Introduction: To date, no cumulative evidence has been collected on the solar ultraviolet exposure received by triathlon competitors assessing the cumulative and discrete exposure risks measured during the swim, bicycle and running legs of competitive Australian Ironman events. This sport has previously been highlighted as having potential for very high cumulative exposure given the extended requirement to be outdoors, often during peak UV exposure periods. Methods: Miniaturized polysulphone film dosimeters manufactured at the University of Southern Queensland were attached to the posterior of a swimming cap, vertex of a bicycle helmet, and vertex of a sports cap during the swim, bicycle and running legs of competitive triathlon events held in Australia during the summer and early autumn of 2017 and 2018. Dosimeters were calibrated to ambient seasonal conditions. Exposures are presented as absolute erythemally effective values [J m-2] and with respect to the available ambient UV. Results were also collected during separate swimming, bicycle and running training schedules of selected athletes. Results: Preliminary results indicate the initial swimming leg of competition resulted in the highest personal exposures, followed by the bicycle and running legs of triathlon events. Typical exposures ranged from between 20 to 50% of the available erythemally effective ambient. Conclusion: The swimming stage of competitive triathlon events resulted in very high cumulative erythemally effective exposure despite this stage often being the shortest in terms of event duration. A possible explanation for this may be due to reflected solar ultraviolet from ocean and river surfaces highlighting the need for triathletes to cover up using full length swim suits to minimize exposure risk. Variable exposures during the bicycle and running stages of triathlon events may be due to greater variation in surface albedo and cover from surrounding tree canopies and structures encountered along course routes. |
| Keywords | triathlon, ultraviolet, erythema, sport |
| ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 420605. Preventative health care |
| Public Notes | Abstract published in conference programme. |
| Byline Affiliations | School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences |
| Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences | |
| Institution of Origin | University of Southern Queensland |
Permalink -
https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q4qwy/triathlon-and-the-potential-for-solar-ultraviolet-exposure-risk-assessed-during-the-swim-bicycle-and-running-legs-of-competitive-australian-ironman-events
609
total views16
total downloads0
views this month0
downloads this month
Export as
Related outputs
Tree shade within urban parks and nature strips: standards and perspectives from measurement campaigns conducted in Queensland
Downs, Nathan, Antrobus, Jodie, Dekeyser, Stijn, Butler, Harry, Downs, Melanie, Hickmott, Darren, Madigan, Chris, Brown, Alexandra, Amar, Abdurazaq, Dearnaley, John, Parisi, Alfio V, Vanos, Jennifer, Raj, Nawin, Harrison, Simone and Igoe, Damien. 2024. "Tree shade within urban parks and nature strips: standards and perspectives from measurement campaigns conducted in Queensland ." 6th International conference UV and Skin Cancer Prevention. Brisbane, Australia 11 - 15 Sep 2024 Australia.Ultraviolet radiation thin film dosimetry: A review of properties and applications
Parisi, Alfio V., Downs, Nathan J., Schouten, Peter, Igoe, Damien P., Turner, Joanna, Amar, Abdurazaq, Wainwright, Lisa, Dawes, Adrian, Butler, Harry and Dekeyser, Stijn. 2024. "Ultraviolet radiation thin film dosimetry: A review of properties and applications." Photochemistry and Photobiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.14022Prediction of Sea Level Using Double Data Decomposition and Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Northern Territory, Australia
Raj, Nawin, Murali, Jaishukh, Singh-Peterson, Lila and Downs, Nathan. 2024. "Prediction of Sea Level Using Double Data Decomposition and Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Northern Territory, Australia." Mathematics. 12 (15). https://doi.org/10.3390/math12152376A playground shade index for standardising ultraviolet protection assessments of open, mixed and protected outdoor recreational spaces
Downs, Nathan, Butler, Harry, Dexter, Benjamin, Raj, Nawin, Downs, Melanie, Turner, Joanna, Dekeyser, Stijn, Deo, Ravinesh, Vanos, Jennifer, Igoe, Damien and Parisi, Alfio V. 2024. "A playground shade index for standardising ultraviolet protection assessments of open, mixed and protected outdoor recreational spaces." 6th International conference UV and Skin Cancer Prevention. Brisbane, Australia 11 - 15 Sep 2024 Australia.The mitigating effect of street trees, urban flora, and the suburban environment on seasonal peak UV indices: A case study from Brisbane, Australia
Downs, Nathan James, Amar, Abdurazaq, Dearnaley, John, Butler, Harry, Dekeyser, Stijn, Igoe, Damien, Parisi, Alfio V., Raj, Nawin, Deo, Ravinesh and Turner, Joanna. 2024. "The mitigating effect of street trees, urban flora, and the suburban environment on seasonal peak UV indices: A case study from Brisbane, Australia." Photochemistry and Photobiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13988UV albedo and reflectance: is it possible to predict erythemal reflectance from solar visible reflectance with respect to the type of material?
Turner, Joanna, Parisi, Alfio V, Amar, Abdurazaq and Downs, Nathan. 2024. "UV albedo and reflectance: is it possible to predict erythemal reflectance from solar visible reflectance with respect to the type of material?" 6th International conference UV and Skin Cancer Prevention. Brisbane, Australia 11 - 15 Sep 2024 Australia.A legacy of more than two decades of UV radiation measurement studies at the University of Southern Queensland
Amar, Abdurazaq, Parisi, Alfio, Downs, Nathan, Turner, Joanna, Igoe, Damien, Butler, Harry and Dekeyser, Stijn. 2024. "A legacy of more than two decades of UV radiation measurement studies at the University of Southern Queensland." 6th International conference UV and Skin Cancer Prevention. Brisbane, Australia 11 - 15 Sep 2024 Australia.Electronic sun journal as an evaluation tool for measuring sunflecks while walking through urban forests
Igoe, Damien P., Parisi, Alfio V, Amar, Abdurazaq, Downs, Nathan J. and Butler, Harry. 2024. "Electronic sun journal as an evaluation tool for measuring sunflecks while walking through urban forests." Instrumentation Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/10739149.2024.2350009Very short-term solar ultraviolet-A radiation forecasting system with cloud cover images and a Bayesian optimized interpretable artificial intelligence model
Prasad, Salvin Sanjesh, Deo, Ravinesh Chand, Downs, Nathan James, Casillas-Perez, David, Salcedo-sanz, Sancho and Parisi, Alfio Venerando. 2024. "Very short-term solar ultraviolet-A radiation forecasting system with cloud cover images and a Bayesian optimized interpretable artificial intelligence model ." Expert Systems with Applications. 236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.121273Serial Cross-Sectional Observations of Sun-Protective Behaviors at an Annual Outdoor Motorsport Event in Tropical Queensland, Australia
Dexter, Ben, Smith, Annika, King, Rachel, Downs, Nathan J., Nikles, Catherine Jane, Parisi, Alfio V., Ho, Yik-Hong and Harrison, Simone Lee. 2023. "Serial Cross-Sectional Observations of Sun-Protective Behaviors at an Annual Outdoor Motorsport Event in Tropical Queensland, Australia ." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 99 (5), pp. 1352-1356. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13773Estimation of erythemal radiation reflectance based on photopic weighted reflected irradiance
Turner, Joanna, Parisi, Alfio V. and Amar, Abdurazaq. 2023. "Estimation of erythemal radiation reflectance based on photopic weighted reflected irradiance." 20th Congress for European Society for Photobiology . Lyon, France 27 - 31 Aug 2023 France.Optimizing the Seasonal Shade and Ultraviolet Protection of a Suburban Playground by Utilization of the Playground Shade Index
Downs, Nathan, Butler, Harry, Parisi, Alfio, Beckman-Downs, Melanie and Igoe, Damien. 2023. "Optimizing the Seasonal Shade and Ultraviolet Protection of a Suburban Playground by Utilization of the Playground Shade Index." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 99 (6), pp. 1483-1492. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13792Enhanced joint hybrid deep neural network explainable artificial intelligence model for 1-hr ahead solar ultraviolet index prediction
Prasad, Salvin S., Deo, Ravinesh C., Salcedo-sanz, Sancho, Downs, Nathan J., Casillas-Perez, David and Parisi, Alfio V.. 2023. "Enhanced joint hybrid deep neural network explainable artificial intelligence model for 1-hr ahead solar ultraviolet index prediction." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107737Exploring pre-service teachers’ affective-reflective skills: the effect of variations of a novel self-evaluation protocol
Woolcott, Geoff, Whannell, Robert, Marshman, Margaret, Galligan, Linda, Yeigh, Tony and Axelsen, Taryn. 2024. "Exploring pre-service teachers’ affective-reflective skills: the effect of variations of a novel self-evaluation protocol." Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education. 52 (2), pp. 126-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2023.2227942Satellite monitoring of environmental solar ultraviolet A (UVA) exposure and irradiance: a review of OMI and GOME-2
Parisi, Alfio V., Igoe, Damien, Downs, Nathan J., Turner, Joanna, Amar, Abdurazaq and A Jebar, Mustapha A.. 2021. "Satellite monitoring of environmental solar ultraviolet A (UVA) exposure and irradiance: a review of OMI and GOME-2." Remote Sensing. 13 (4), pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040752The Playground Shade Index: A New Design Metric for Measuring Shade and Seasonal Ultraviolet Protection Characteristics of Parks and Playgrounds
Downs, Nathan, Raj, Nawin, Vanos, Jennifer, Parisi, Alfio, Butler, Harry, Deo, Ravinesh, Igoe, Damien, Dexter, Benjamin, Beckman-Downs, Melanie, Turner, Joanna and Dekeyser, Stijn. 2023. "The Playground Shade Index: A New Design Metric for Measuring Shade and Seasonal Ultraviolet Protection Characteristics of Parks and Playgrounds." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 99 (4), pp. 1193-1207. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13745Queensland Guidelines for the provision of tree shade on suburban nature-strips
Downs, Nathan. 2022. Queensland Guidelines for the provision of tree shade on suburban nature-strips. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.Modelling and Real-time Optimisation of Air Quality Predictions for Australia through Artificial Intelligence Algorithm
Sharma, Ekta, Deo, Ravinesh C., Prasad, Ramendra and Parisi, Alfio V.. 2019. "Modelling and Real-time Optimisation of Air Quality Predictions for Australia through Artificial Intelligence Algorithm." AMSI Optimise 2019. Perth, Australia 17 - 21 Jun 2019 Perth, Australia.Forecasting solar photosynthetic photon flux density under cloud cover effects: novel predictive model using convolutional neural network integrated with long short-term memory network
Deo, Ravinesh C., Grant, Richard H., Webb, Ann, Ghimire, Sujan, Igoe, Damien P., Downs, Nathan J., Al-Musaylh, Mohanad S., Parisi, Alfio V. and Soar, Jeffrey. 2022. "Forecasting solar photosynthetic photon flux density under cloud cover effects: novel predictive model using convolutional neural network integrated with long short-term memory network." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 36, p. 3183–3220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-022-02188-0Introductory Engineering Mathematics Students’ Weighted Score Predictions Utilising a Novel Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline Model
Ahmed, Abul Abrar Masrur, Deo, Ravinesh C., Ghimire, Sujan, Downs, Nathan J., Devi, Aruna, Barua, Prabal D. and Yaseen, Zaher M.. 2022. "Introductory Engineering Mathematics Students’ Weighted Score Predictions Utilising a Novel Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline Model." Sustainability. 14 (17), pp. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141711070Cloud Affected Solar UV Predictions with Three-Phase Wavelet Hybrid Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Network Multi-Step Forecast System
Prasad, Salvin S., Deo, Ravinesh C., Downs, Nathan, Igoe, Damien, Parisi, Alfio V. and Soar, Jeffrey. 2022. "Cloud Affected Solar UV Predictions with Three-Phase Wavelet Hybrid Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Network Multi-Step Forecast System." IEEE Access. 10, pp. 24704-24720. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3153475Median filters as a tool to determine dark noise thresholds in high resolution smartphone image sensors for scientific imaging
Igoe, Damien P., Parisi, Alfio V., Amar, Abdurazaq and Rummenie, Katherine J.. 2018. "Median filters as a tool to determine dark noise thresholds in high resolution smartphone image sensors for scientific imaging." Review of Scientific Instruments. 89 (1), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5006000Novel hybrid deep learning model for satellite based PM10 forecasting in the most polluted Australian hotspots
Sharma, Ekta, Deo, Ravinesh C., Soar, Jeffrey, Prasad, Ramendra, Parisi, Alfio V. and Raj, Nawin. 2022. "Novel hybrid deep learning model for satellite based PM10 forecasting in the most polluted Australian hotspots." Atmospheric Environment. 279, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119111A Case Study of UV Exposure Risk in Sydney during the 2019/2020 New South Wales Bushfires
Igoe, Damien P., Parisi, Alfio V., Downs, Nathan J. and Butler, Harry. 2022. "A Case Study of UV Exposure Risk in Sydney during the 2019/2020 New South Wales Bushfires." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 98 (5), pp. 1236-1244. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13603Assessment of Biologically Effective Solar Ultraviolet Exposures for Court Staff and Competitors During a Major Australian Tennis Tournament
Igoe, Damien P., Amar, Abdurazaq, Schouten, Peter, Parisi, Alfio V. and Turner, Joanna. 2019. "Assessment of Biologically Effective Solar Ultraviolet Exposures for Court Staff and Competitors During a Major Australian Tennis Tournament." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 95 (6), pp. 1461-1467. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13132Wearable ultraviolet radiation sensors for research and personal use
Henning, Alyssa, Downs, Nathan J. and Vanos, Jennifer K.. 2022. "Wearable ultraviolet radiation sensors for research and personal use." International Journal of Biometeorology: the description, causes, and implications of climatic change. 66 (3), pp. 627-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-021-02216-8Sun exposure and physical activity: the valuable role of UV wearables
Henning, Alyssa, Vanos, Jennifer and Downs, Nathan. 2021. "Sun exposure and physical activity: the valuable role of UV wearables." IEEE Technology and Society Magazine. 40 (3), pp. 16-18. https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2021.3101927Solar ultraviolet radiation, shade profile and heat index survey report: New South Wales playgrounds (2020 - 2021)
Downs, Nathan J.. 2021. Solar ultraviolet radiation, shade profile and heat index survey report: New South Wales playgrounds (2020 - 2021). Unpublished.Evaluation of the Long-term Cumulative UVA Facial Exposure of Queensland School Teachers derived for an Extended Period from the OMI Satellite Irradiance
A Jebar, Mustapha A., Downs, Nathan J., Parisi, Alfio V. and Turner, Joanna. 2021. "Evaluation of the Long-term Cumulative UVA Facial Exposure of Queensland School Teachers derived for an Extended Period from the OMI Satellite Irradiance." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 97 (1), pp. 192-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13329SEQ Ultraviolet and Cloud Measurement Data Collection
Downs, Nathan. SEQ Ultraviolet and Cloud Measurement Data Collection. Toowoomba. https://doi.org/10.26192/9209-3504Electronic Sun Journal Versus Self-report Sun Diary: A Comparison of Recording Personal Sunlight Exposure Methods
Dexter, Benjamin R., King, Rachel, Parisi, Alfio V., Harrison, Simone L., Igoe, Damien P. and Downs, Nathan J.. 2021. "Electronic Sun Journal Versus Self-report Sun Diary: A Comparison of Recording Personal Sunlight Exposure Methods." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 97 (3), pp. 641-649. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13359Deep Air Quality Forecasts: Suspended Particulate Matter Modeling With Convolutional Neural and Long Short-Term Memory Networks
Sharma, Ekta, Deo, Ravinesh C., Prasad, Ramendra, Parisi, Alfio and Raj, Nawin. 2020. "Deep Air Quality Forecasts: Suspended Particulate Matter Modeling With Convolutional Neural and Long Short-Term Memory Networks." IEEE Access. 8, pp. 209503-209516. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3039002Comparison of GOME-2 UVA Satellite Data to Ground-Based UVA Measurements in South Africa
du Preez, D. Jean, Parisi, Alfio V., Millar, Danielle A., Bencherif, Hassan and Wright, Caradee Y.. 2020. "Comparison of GOME-2 UVA Satellite Data to Ground-Based UVA Measurements in South Africa." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 96 (6), pp. 1342-1349. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13308Statistics poster competitions: an opportunity to connect academics and teachers
Dunn, Peter K., Richardson, Alice, Prodromou, Theodosia and Axelsen, Taryn. 2020. "Statistics poster competitions: an opportunity to connect academics and teachers." Statistics Education Research Journal. 19 (1).Keratinocyte skin cancer risks for working school teachers: scenarios and implications of the timing of scheduled duty periods in Queensland, Australia
Dexter, B. R., King, R., Parisi, A. V., Harrison, S. L., Konovalov, D. A. and Downs, N. J.. 2020. "Keratinocyte skin cancer risks for working school teachers: scenarios and implications of the timing of scheduled duty periods in Queensland, Australia." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B: Biology. 213, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112046Shade auditing in Queensland
Downs, Nathan, Parisi, Alfio, Baldwin, Louise and Harrison, Simone. 2019. "Shade auditing in Queensland." 6th Annual Brisbane Cancer Conference. Brisbane, Australia 28 - 29 Nov 2019Variations on a Theme: Pre-service Mathematics Teacher Reflections Using an Affect-based Critical Moment Protocol
Marshman, Margaret, Galligan, Linda, Axelsen, Taryn, Woolcott, Geoff and Whannell, Robert. 2018. "Variations on a Theme: Pre-service Mathematics Teacher Reflections Using an Affect-based Critical Moment Protocol." Hunter, Jodie, Darragh, Lisa and Perger, Pam (ed.) 41st Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia (MERGA41). Auckland, New Zealand 01 - 05 Jul 2018 Payneham, Australia.The R in the ELR Process: Reflection and the Emotions of PreService Teachers. A Case Study
Axelsen, Taryn, Galligan, Linda and Woolcott, Geoff. 2018. "The R in the ELR Process: Reflection and the Emotions of PreService Teachers. A Case Study." Hunter, Jodie, Darragh, Lisa and Perger, Pam (ed.) 41st Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia (MERGA41). Auckland, New Zealand 01 - 05 Jul 2018 Payneham, Australia.Solar blue light radiation enhancement during mid to low solar elevation periods under cloud affected skies
Parisi, Alfio V., Igoe, Damien P., Amar, Abdurazaq and Downs, Nathan. 2020. "Solar blue light radiation enhancement during mid to low solar elevation periods under cloud affected skies." Sensors. 20 (15), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154105Electronic Sun Journals: integrating calibrated field radiometers and traditional dosimeters for monitoring personal sun exposure behavior
Downs, Nathan. 2018. "Electronic Sun Journals: integrating calibrated field radiometers and traditional dosimeters for monitoring personal sun exposure behavior." 2018 National Cancer Institute Exercise Science and Skin Cancer Prevention Research Meeting. Rockville, United States 26 - 27 Sep 2018Measured UV Exposures of Ironman, Sprint and Olympic-Distance Triathlon Competitors
Downs, Nathan J., Axelsen, Taryn, Parisi, Alfio V., Schouten, Peter W. and Dexter, Ben R.. 2020. "Measured UV Exposures of Ironman, Sprint and Olympic-Distance Triathlon Competitors." Atmosphere. 11 (5), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050440Evaluation of shade profiles while walking in urban environments: A case study from inner suburban Sydney, Australia
Igoe, Damien P., Downs, Nathan J., Parisi, Alfio V. and Amar, Abdurazaq. 2020. "Evaluation of shade profiles while walking in urban environments: A case study from inner suburban Sydney, Australia." Building and Environment. 177, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106873How are we progressing with academic numeracy at regional universities? Perspectives from first-year undergraduate studies
Woolcott, Geoff, Galligan, Linda, Whannell, Robert, Marshman, Margaret, Axelsen, Taryn, Schmalz, Jelena and Sultanova, Nargiz. 2021. "How are we progressing with academic numeracy at regional universities? Perspectives from first-year undergraduate studies." Mathematics Education Research Journal. 33, pp. 451-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-020-00312-3Influence of Clouds on OMI Satellite Total Daily UVA Exposure over a 12-year Period at a Southern Hemisphere Site
A Jebar, Mustapha A., Parisi, Alfio V., Downs, Nathan J. and Turner, Joanna. 2020. "Influence of Clouds on OMI Satellite Total Daily UVA Exposure over a 12-year Period at a Southern Hemisphere Site." International Journal of Remote Sensing. 41 (1), pp. 272-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1641243A review on the ability of smartphones to detect ultraviolet (UV) radiation and their potential to be used in UV research and for public education purposes
Turner, Joanna, Igoe, Damien, Parisi, Alfio V., McGonigle, Andrew J., Amar, Abdurazaq and Wainwright, Lisa. 2020. "A review on the ability of smartphones to detect ultraviolet (UV) radiation and their potential to be used in UV research and for public education purposes." Science of the Total Environment. 706, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135873Glass transmitted solar irradiances on horizontal and sun-normal planes evaluated with a smartphone camera
Dawes, Adrian J., Igoe, Damien P., Rummenie, Katherine.J. and Parisi, Alfio V.. 2020. "Glass transmitted solar irradiances on horizontal and sun-normal planes evaluated with a smartphone camera." Measurement. 153, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107410A hybrid air quality early-warning framework: an hourly forecasting model with online sequential extreme learning machines and empirical mode decomposition algorithms
Sharma, Ekta, Deo, Ravinesh C., Prasad, Ramendra and Parisi, Alfio V.. 2020. "A hybrid air quality early-warning framework: an hourly forecasting model with online sequential extreme learning machines and empirical mode decomposition algorithms." Science of the Total Environment. 709, pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135934The Simulated Ocular and Whole-Body Distribution of Natural Sunlight to Kiteboarders: A High-Risk Case of UVR Exposure for Athletes Utilizing Water Surfaces in Sport
Downs, Nathan J., Parisi, Alfio V., Schouten, Peter W., Igoe, Damien P. and De Castro-Maqueda, Guillermo. 2020. "The Simulated Ocular and Whole-Body Distribution of Natural Sunlight to Kiteboarders: A High-Risk Case of UVR Exposure for Athletes Utilizing Water Surfaces in Sport." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 96 (4), pp. 926-935. https://doi.org/10.1111/PHP.13200It’s part of my life and the modelling process
Galligan, Linda, Axelsen, Taryn, Pennicott, Toni, Addie, Ron, Galbraith, Peter and Woolcott, Geoff. 2019. "It’s part of my life and the modelling process ." Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education. 22 (4), pp. 355-378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10857-019-09426-3Beyond the current Smartphone Application: Using smartphone hardware to measure UV radiation
Turner, J., Igoe, D. P., Parisi, A. V., Downs, N. J. and Amar, A.. 2018. "Beyond the current Smartphone Application: Using smartphone hardware to measure UV radiation." NIWA UV Workshop 2018 - UV Radiation: Effects on Human Health and the Environment. Wellington, New Zealand 04 - 06 Apr 2018 New Zealand.A site-specific standard for comparing dynamic solar ultraviolet protection characteristics of established tree canopies
Downs, N. J., Butler, H. J., Baldwin, L., Parisi, A. V., Amar, A., Vanos, J. and Harrison, S.. 2019. "A site-specific standard for comparing dynamic solar ultraviolet protection characteristics of established tree canopies." MethodsX. 6, pp. 1683-1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.07.013The PiSpec: A Low-Cost, 3D-Printed Spectrometer for Measuring Volcanic SO2 Emission Rates
Wilkes, Thomas Charles, Pering, Tom David, McGonigle, Andrew John Samuel, Willmott, Jon Raffe, Bryant, Robert, Smalley, Alan Lomas, Mims III, Forrest Marion, Parisi, Alfio V. and England, Rebecca Anne. 2019. "The PiSpec: A Low-Cost, 3D-Printed Spectrometer for Measuring Volcanic SO2 Emission Rates." Frontiers in Earth Science. 7, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00065Measuring and Visualizing Solar UV for a Wide Range of Atmospheric Conditions on Hawai’i Island
Mims III, Forrest M., McGonigle, Andrew J. S., Wilkes, Thomas C., Parisi, Alfio V., Grant, William B., Cook, Joseph M. and Pering, Tom D.. 2019. "Measuring and Visualizing Solar UV for a Wide Range of Atmospheric Conditions on Hawai’i Island." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (6), pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060997Seasonal Minimum and Maximum Solar Ultraviolet Exposure Measurements of Classroom Teachers Residing in Tropical North Queensland, Australia
Downs, Nathan J., Igoe, Damien P., Parisi, Alfio V., Taylor, Olivia, Lazzaroni, Shari L., Rawlings, Alex, Garzon-Chavez, Daniel R. and Harrison, Simone L.. 2019. "Seasonal Minimum and Maximum Solar Ultraviolet Exposure Measurements of Classroom Teachers Residing in Tropical North Queensland, Australia." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 95, pp. 1083-1093. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13081Monthly rainfall forecasting with Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations integrated with statistical bivariate copulas
Ali, Mumtaz, Deo, Ravinesh C., Downs, Nathan J. and Maraseni, Tek. 2020. "Monthly rainfall forecasting with Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations integrated with statistical bivariate copulas." Samui, Pijush, Bui, Dieu Tien, Chakraborty, Subrata and Deo, Ravinesh C. (ed.) Handbook of probabilistic models. Oxford, United Kingdom. Elsevier. pp. 89-105Comparing the annualised dynamic shade characteristics of twenty-one tree canopies across twenty-six municipalities in a high ambient UV climate, Queensland - Australia
Downs, Nathan J., Baldwin, Louise, Parisi, Alfio V., Butler, Harry J., Vanos, Jennifer, Beckman, Melanie and Harrison, Simone. 2019. "Comparing the annualised dynamic shade characteristics of twenty-one tree canopies across twenty-six municipalities in a high ambient UV climate, Queensland - Australia." Applied Geography. 108, pp. 74-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.05.006Cloud segmentation property extraction from total sky image repositories using Python
Igoe, Damien P., Parisi, Alfio V. and Downs, Nathan J.. 2019. "Cloud segmentation property extraction from total sky image repositories using Python." Instrumentation Science and Technology. 47 (5), pp. 522-534. https://doi.org/10.1080/10739149.2019.1603996Improving SPI-derived drought forecasts incorporating synoptic-scale climate indices in multi-phase multivariate empirical mode decomposition model hybridized with simulated annealing and kernel ridge regression algorithms
Ali, Mumtaz, Deo, Ravinesh C., Maraseni, Tek and Downs, Nathan J.. 2019. "Improving SPI-derived drought forecasts incorporating synoptic-scale climate indices in multi-phase multivariate empirical mode decomposition model hybridized with simulated annealing and kernel ridge regression algorithms." Journal of Hydrology. 576, pp. 164-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.06.032Biologically effective solar ultraviolet exposures and the potential skin cancer risk for individual gold medalists of the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympic Games
Downs, Nathan J., Axelsen, Taryn, Schouten, Peter, Igoe, Damien P., Parisi, Alfio V. and Vanos, Jennifer. 2019. "Biologically effective solar ultraviolet exposures and the potential skin cancer risk for individual gold medalists of the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympic Games." Temperature. https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2019.1581427Development of a model for calculating the solar ultraviolet protection factor of small to medium sized built shade structure
Parisi, Alfio V., Amar, Abdurazaq, Downs, Nathan J., Igoe, Damien P., Harrison, Simone L. and Turner, Joanna. 2019. "Development of a model for calculating the solar ultraviolet protection factor of small to medium sized built shade structure." Building and Environment. 147, pp. 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.10.010Global solar radiation prediction by ANN integrated with European Centre for medium range weather forecast fields in solar rich cities of Queensland Australia
Ghimire, Sujan, Deo, Ravinesh C., Downs, Nathan J. and Raj, Nawin. 2019. "Global solar radiation prediction by ANN integrated with European Centre for medium range weather forecast fields in solar rich cities of Queensland Australia." Journal of Cleaner Production. 216, pp. 288-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.158A pilot observational study of environmental summertime health risk behaviour in central Brisbane, Queensland: opportunities to raise sun protection awareness in Australia’s Sunshine State
Dexter, Ben, King, Rachel, Harrison, Simone L., Parisi, Alfio V. and Downs, Nathan J.. 2019. "A pilot observational study of environmental summertime health risk behaviour in central Brisbane, Queensland: opportunities to raise sun protection awareness in Australia’s Sunshine State." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 95 (2), pp. 650-655. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.13011Evaluated UVA irradiances over a twelve year period at a sub-tropical site from ozone monitoring instrument data including the influence of cloud
A Jebar, Mustapha A., Parisi, Alfio V., Downs, Nathan J. and Turner, Joanna F.. 2018. "Evaluated UVA irradiances over a twelve year period at a sub-tropical site from ozone monitoring instrument data including the influence of cloud." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 94 (6), pp. 1281-1288. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12948Ultraviolet radiation albedo and reflectance in review: the influence to ultraviolet exposure in occupational settings
Turner, Joanna and Parisi, Alfio V.. 2018. "Ultraviolet radiation albedo and reflectance in review: the influence to ultraviolet exposure in occupational settings." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15 (7), pp. 1507-1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071507Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System integrated with solar zenith angle for forecasting sub-tropical photosynthetically active radiation
Deo, Ravinesh C., Downs, Nathan J., Adamowski, Jan F. and Parisi, Alfio V.. 2018. "Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System integrated with solar zenith angle for forecasting sub-tropical photosynthetically active radiation." Food and Energy Security. 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.151Cotton yield prediction with Markov Chain Monte Carlo-based simulation model integrated with genetic programing algorithm: a new hybrid copula-driven approach
Ali, Mumtaz, Deo, Ravinesh C., Downs, Nathan J. and Maraseni, Tek. 2018. "Cotton yield prediction with Markov Chain Monte Carlo-based simulation model integrated with genetic programing algorithm: a new hybrid copula-driven approach." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 263, pp. 428-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.09.002Multi-stage committee based extreme learning machine model incorporating the influence of climate parameters and seasonality on drought forecasting
Ali, Mumtaz, Deo, Ravinesh C., Downs, Nathan J. and Maraseni, Tek. 2018. "Multi-stage committee based extreme learning machine model incorporating the influence of climate parameters and seasonality on drought forecasting." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 152, pp. 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.07.013Multi-stage hybridized online sequential extreme learning machine integrated with Markov Chain Monte Carlo copula-Bat algorithm for rainfall forecasting
Ali, Mumtaz, Deo, Ravinesh C., Downs, Nathan J. and Maraseni, Tek. 2018. "Multi-stage hybridized online sequential extreme learning machine integrated with Markov Chain Monte Carlo copula-Bat algorithm for rainfall forecasting." Atmospheric Research. 213, pp. 450-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.07.005The geospatial relationship of pterygium and senile cataract to ambient solar ultraviolet in tropical Ecuador
Garzon-Chavez, Daniel R., Quentin, Emmanuelle, Harrison, Simone L., Parisi, Alfio V., Butler, Harry J. and Downs, Nathan J.. 2018. "The geospatial relationship of pterygium and senile cataract to ambient solar ultraviolet in tropical Ecuador." Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences. 17 (8), pp. 1075-1083. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8PP00023AReflecting on fraction addition: using the mirror formula to visualise unit fraction addition
Igoe, Damien, Boucher, Nicholas, Clark, Iain, Parisi, Alfio and Downs, Nathan. 2018. "Reflecting on fraction addition: using the mirror formula to visualise unit fraction addition." Australian Mathematics Teacher. 74 (2), pp. 3-9.Optimization of windspeed prediction using an artificial neural network compared with a genetic programming model
Deo, Ravinesh C., Ghimire, Sujan, Downs, Nathan J. and Raj, Nawin. 2018. "Optimization of windspeed prediction using an artificial neural network compared with a genetic programming model." Kim, Dookie, Roy, Sanjiban Sekhar, Lansivaara, Tim, Deo, Ravinesh C. and Samui, Pijush (ed.) Handbook of research on predictive modeling and optimization methods in science and engineering. Hershey, United States. IGI Global. pp. 328-359Pushing the boundaries of smartphone image sensors by measuring the total ozone column
Igoe, Damien and Parisi, Alfio. 2018. "Pushing the boundaries of smartphone image sensors by measuring the total ozone column." AOS News. 32 (1), pp. 17-17.Investigation of correlation of broadband UVA reflection to broadband visible reflection for a variety of surfaces in the built environment
Turner, Joanna and Parisi, Alfio V.. 2018. "Investigation of correlation of broadband UVA reflection to broadband visible reflection for a variety of surfaces in the built environment." Building and Environment. 136, pp. 259-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.062The inverse relationship between the incidence of solar induced eye disease and reported skin cancer rates at high elevation in the tropical Andes, Ecuador, South America
Downs, Nathan J., Garzon Chavez, Daniel R., Quentin, Emmanuelle, Harrison, Simone L., Parisi, Alfio V. and Butler, Harry. 2018. "The inverse relationship between the incidence of solar induced eye disease and reported skin cancer rates at high elevation in the tropical Andes, Ecuador, South America." 4th International Conference on UV & Skin Cancer Prevention 2018. Toronto, Canada 01 - 04 May 2018 Canada.The Garment Protection Factor (GPF): an index for sun-protective clothing that combines garment coverage and UVR transmittance
Harrison, Simone L., Downs, Nathan J., Rawlings, Alex T. and Parisi, Alfio V.. 2018. "The Garment Protection Factor (GPF): an index for sun-protective clothing that combines garment coverage and UVR transmittance." 4th International Conference on UV & Skin Cancer Prevention 2018. Toronto, Canada 01 - 04 May 2018 Canada.Face-to-face and virtual mathematics enrichment for rural schools: intersection of teachers, students, technology and pedagogy
Galligan, Linda, Addie, Ron, Axelsen, Taryn and Stern, Linda. 2017. "Face-to-face and virtual mathematics enrichment for rural schools: intersection of teachers, students, technology and pedagogy." Partridge, H., Davis, K. and Thomas, J. (ed.) 34th International Conference on Innovation, Practice and Research in the Use of Educational Technologies in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2017). Toowoomba, Australia 04 - 06 Dec 2017 Tugun, Australia.The modelling process and pre-service teacher confidence
Axelsen, Taryn, Galligan, Linda and Woolcott, Geoff. 2017. "The modelling process and pre-service teacher confidence." 40th Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia (MERGA40). Melbourne, Australia 02 - 06 Jul 2017 Melbourne, Australia.Self-adaptive differential evolutionary extreme learning machines for long-term solar radiation prediction with remotely-sensed MODIS satellite and Reanalysis atmospheric products in solar-rich cities
Ghimire, Sujan, Deo, Ravinesh C., Downs, Nathan J. and Raj, Nawin. 2018. "Self-adaptive differential evolutionary extreme learning machines for long-term solar radiation prediction with remotely-sensed MODIS satellite and Reanalysis atmospheric products in solar-rich cities." Remote Sensing of Environment: an interdisciplinary journal. 212, pp. 176-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.05.003An ensemble-ANFIS based uncertainty assessment model for forecasting multi-scalar standardized precipitation index
Ali, Mumtaz, Deo, Ravinesh C., Downs, Nathan J. and Maraseni, Tek. 2018. "An ensemble-ANFIS based uncertainty assessment model for forecasting multi-scalar standardized precipitation index." Atmospheric Research. 207, pp. 155-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.02.024Comparative signal to noise ratio as a determinant to select smartphone image sensor colour channels for analysis in the UVB
Igoe, D. P., Parisi, A. V., Downs, N. J., Amar, A. and Turner, J.. 2018. "Comparative signal to noise ratio as a determinant to select smartphone image sensor colour channels for analysis in the UVB." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 272, pp. 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.01.057Atmospheric total ozone column evaluation with a smartphone image sensor
Igoe, Damien P., Parisi, Alfio V., Amar, Abdurazaq, Downs, Nathan J. and Turner, Joanna. 2018. "Atmospheric total ozone column evaluation with a smartphone image sensor." International Journal of Remote Sensing. 39 (9), pp. 2766-2783. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1433895Smartphone spectrometers
McGonigle, Andrew J. S., Wilkes, Thomas C., Pering, Tom D., Willmott, Jon R., Cook, Joseph M., Mims III, Forrest M. and Parisi, Alfio V.. 2018. "Smartphone spectrometers." Sensors. 18 (1), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010223A comprehensive approach to evaluating and classifying sun-protective clothing
Downs, N. J. and Harrison, S. L.. 2018. "A comprehensive approach to evaluating and classifying sun-protective clothing." British Journal of Dermatology. 178 (4), pp. 958-964. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15938An Inexpensive High-Temporal Resolution Electronic Sun Journal for Monitoring Personal Day to Day Sun Exposure Patterns
Downs, Nathan J., Parisi, Alfio V., Butler, Harry, Rawlings, Alex and Elrahoumi, Raja Salem. 2017. "An Inexpensive High-Temporal Resolution Electronic Sun Journal for Monitoring Personal Day to Day Sun Exposure Patterns." Frontiers in Public Health. 5, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00310Long-term UV dosimeter based on polyvinyl chloride for plant damage effective UV exposure measurements
Parisi, Alfio V., Amar, Abdurazaq and Igoe, Damien P.. 2017. "Long-term UV dosimeter based on polyvinyl chloride for plant damage effective UV exposure measurements." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 243, pp. 68-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.05.012Detection of ultraviolet B radiation with internal smartphone sensors
Turner, Joanna, Parisi, Alfio V., Igoe, Damien P. and Amar, Abdurazaq. 2017. "Detection of ultraviolet B radiation with internal smartphone sensors." Instrumentation Science and Technology. 45 (6), pp. 618-638. https://doi.org/10.1080/10739149.2017.1298042Characterisation of a smartphone image sensor response to direct solar 305 nm irradiation at high air masses
Igoe, D. P., Amar, A., Parisi, A. V. and Turner, J.. 2017. "Characterisation of a smartphone image sensor response to direct solar 305 nm irradiation at high air masses." Science of the Total Environment. 587-588, pp. 407-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.175Very short-term reactive forecasting of the solar ultraviolet index using an extreme learning machine integrated with the solar zenith angle
Deo, Ravinesh C., Downs, Nathan, Parisi, Alfio V., Adamowski, Jan F. and Quilty, John M.. 2017. "Very short-term reactive forecasting of the solar ultraviolet index using an extreme learning machine integrated with the solar zenith angle." Environmental Research. 155, pp. 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.035Validation of ozone monitoring instrument UV satellite data using spectral and broadband surface based measurements at a Queensland site
A Jebar, Mustapha A., Parisi, Alfio V., Downs, Nathan J. and Turner, Joanna F.. 2017. "Validation of ozone monitoring instrument UV satellite data using spectral and broadband surface based measurements at a Queensland site." Photochemistry and Photobiology. 93 (5), pp. 1289-1293. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12784Solar ultraviolet and the occupational radiant exposure of Queensland school teachers: a comparative study between teaching classifications and behavior patterns
Downs, Nathan J., Harrison, Simone L., Garzon Chavez, Daniel R. and Parisi, Alfio V.. 2016. "Solar ultraviolet and the occupational radiant exposure of Queensland school teachers: a comparative study between teaching classifications and behavior patterns." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B: Biology. 158, pp. 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.018Dual calibrated dosimeter for simultaneous measurements of erythemal and vitamin D effective solar ultraviolet radiation
Wainwright, L., Parisi, A. V. and Downs, N.. 2016. "Dual calibrated dosimeter for simultaneous measurements of erythemal and vitamin D effective solar ultraviolet radiation." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B: Biology. 157, pp. 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.003Final report on sun tanning units in Queensland
Parisi, Alfio. 2000. Final report on sun tanning units in Queensland. Australia. Queensland Health.Concurrent evaluation of personal damaging and beneficial UV exposures over an extended period
Wainwright, L. K., Parisi, A. V. and Downs, N. J.. 2017. "Concurrent evaluation of personal damaging and beneficial UV exposures over an extended period." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B: Biology. 170, pp. 188-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.013Investigation of unstabilized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for use as a long-term UV dosimeter: preliminary results
Amar, Abdurazaq and Parisi, Alfio V.. 2012. "Investigation of unstabilized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for use as a long-term UV dosimeter: preliminary results." 37th Annual Conference of the Australasian Radiation Protection Society (ARPS 2012): Radiation Safety: Bridging the Gap. Sydney, Australia 14 - 17 Oct 2012 Hobart, Australia.Comparison of GOME-2 UVA satellite data to ground-based spectroradiometer measurements at a subtropical site
Parisi, Alfio V., Downs, Nathan, Turner, Joanna and King, Rachel. 2017. "Comparison of GOME-2 UVA satellite data to ground-based spectroradiometer measurements at a subtropical site." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 55 (6), pp. 3145-3149. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2017.2662714Educating the younger generation (and the public) in UV effects with a simple experiment
Turner, Joanna, Parisi, Alfio V. and Downs, Nathan. 2013. "Educating the younger generation (and the public) in UV effects with a simple experiment." Byrne, Scott and Chen, Min (ed.) 6th Asia & Oceania Conference on Photobiology (AOCP 2013): Life on a Sun-Drenched Planet. Sydney, Australia 10 - 13 Nov 2013In-situ measurements of solar exposure distribution on a coral reef: preliminary findings relating to reef aspect, water turbidity and dosimeter design
Downs, N. J., Schouten, P. W. and Parisi, A. V.. 2016. "In-situ measurements of solar exposure distribution on a coral reef: preliminary findings relating to reef aspect, water turbidity and dosimeter design." 13th International Coral Reef Symposium. Honolulu, Hawaii 19 - 24 Jun 2016Solar ultraviolet attenuation during the Australian (Red Dawn) dust event of 23 September 2009
Downs, Nathan, Butler, Harry and Parisi, Alfio. 2016. "Solar ultraviolet attenuation during the Australian (Red Dawn) dust event of 23 September 2009." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 97 (11), pp. 2039-2050. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00053.1Characterization of cloud cover with a smartphone camera
Parisi, A. V., Downs, N., Igoe, D. and Turner, J.. 2016. "Characterization of cloud cover with a smartphone camera." Instrumentation Science and Technology. 44 (1), pp. 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10739149.2015.1055577Solar radiation and the UV index: an application of numerical integration, trigonometric functions, online education and the modelling process
Downs, Nathan, Parisi, Alfio, Galligan, Linda, Turner, Joanna, Amar, Abdurazaq, King, Rachel, Ultra, Filipina and Butler, Harry. 2016. "Solar radiation and the UV index: an application of numerical integration, trigonometric functions, online education and the modelling process." International Journal of Research in Education and Science. 2 (1), pp. 179-189.Characterisation of the corrosion of iron using a smartphone camera
Igoe, D. and Parisi, A. V.. 2016. "Characterisation of the corrosion of iron using a smartphone camera." Instrumentation Science and Technology. 44 (2), pp. 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10739149.2015.1082484Broadband direct UVA irradiance measurement for clear skies evaluated using a smartphone
Igoe, D. and Parisi, A. V.. 2015. "Broadband direct UVA irradiance measurement for clear skies evaluated using a smartphone." Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 167 (4), pp. 485-489. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncu344Students as toolmakers: refining the results in the accuracy and precision of a trigonometric activity
Igoe, D. P., Parisi, A. V. and Wagner, S.. 2017. "Students as toolmakers: refining the results in the accuracy and precision of a trigonometric activity." International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology. 48 (4), pp. 641-645. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020739X.2016.1256446