Impacts of Low-Frequency Internal Climate Variability and Greenhouse Warming on El Nino–Southern Oscillation

Article

Ng, Benjamin, Cai, Wenju, Cowan, Tim and Bi, Daohua. 2021. "Impacts of Low-Frequency Internal Climate Variability and Greenhouse Warming on El Nino–Southern Oscillation." Journal of Climate. 34 (6), pp. 2205-2218. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0232.1
Article Title

Impacts of Low-Frequency Internal Climate Variability and Greenhouse Warming on El Nino–Southern Oscillation

ERA Journal ID1978
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsNg, Benjamin (Author), Cai, Wenju (Author), Cowan, Tim (Author) and Bi, Daohua (Author)
Journal TitleJournal of Climate
Journal Citation34 (6), pp. 2205-2218
Number of Pages14
Year2021
PublisherAmerican Meteorological Society
Place of PublicationUnited States
ISSN0894-8755
1520-0442
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0232.1
Web Address (URL)https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/aop/JCLI-D-20-0232.1/JCLI-D-20-0232.1.xml
Abstract

El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual climate fluctuations with wide- ranging socioeconomic and environmental impacts. Understanding the eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) El Nino response to a warmer climate is paramount, yet the role of internal climate variability in modulating their response is not clear. Using large ensembles, we find that internal variability generates a spread in the standard deviation and skewness of these two El Nino types that is similar to the spread of 17 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) that realistically simulate ENSO diversity. Based on 40 Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) and 99 Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Grand Ensemble (MPI-GE) members, unforced variability can explain more than 90% of the historical EP and CP El Nino standard deviation and all of the ENSO skewness spread in the 17 CMIP5 models. Both CESM-LE and the selected CMIP5 models show increased EP and CP El Nino variability in a warmer climate, driven by a stronger mean vertical temperature gradient in the upper ocean and faster surface warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific. However, MPI-GE shows no agreement in EP or CP standard deviation change. This is due to weaker sensitivity to the warming signal, such that when the eastern equatorial Pacific surface warming is faster, the change in upper ocean vertical temperature gradient tends to be weaker. This highlights that individual models produce a different ENSO response in a warmer climate, and that considerable uncertainty within the CMIP5 ensemble may be caused by internal climate variability.

KeywordsEl Nino; ENSO; Climate change; Tropical variability
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020370202. Climatology
370201. Climate change processes
370803. Physical oceanography
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Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Byline AffiliationsCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia
University of Southern Queensland
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