Towards smart healthcare: UAV-based optimized path planning for delivering COVID-19 self-testing kits using cutting edge technologies

Article


Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Inam, Hina, Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra, Kouzani, Abbas Z. and Mahmud, M. A. Parvez. 2021. "Towards smart healthcare: UAV-based optimized path planning for delivering COVID-19 self-testing kits using cutting edge technologies." Sustainability. 13 (18), pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810426
Article Title

Towards smart healthcare: UAV-based optimized path planning for delivering COVID-19 self-testing kits using cutting edge technologies

ERA Journal ID41498
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsMunawar, Hafiz Suliman (Author), Inam, Hina (Author), Ullah, Fahim (Author), Qayyum, Siddra (Author), Kouzani, Abbas Z. (Author) and Mahmud, M. A. Parvez (Author)
Journal TitleSustainability
Journal Citation13 (18), pp. 1-21
Article Number10426
Number of Pages21
Year2021
PublisherMDPI AG
Place of PublicationBasel, Switzerland
ISSN2071-1050
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810426
Web Address (URL)https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/18/10164
Abstract

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a global pandemic since late 2019 and has affected all forms of human life and economic developments. Various techniques are used to collect the infected patients’ sample, which carries risks of transferring the infection to others. The current study proposes an AI-powered UAV-based sample collection procedure through self-collection kits delivery to the potential patients and bringing the samples back for testing. Using a hypothetical case study of Islamabad, Pakistan, various test cases are run where the UAVs paths are optimized using four key algorithms, greedy, intra-route, inter-route, and tabu, to save time and reduce carbon emissions associated with alternate transportation methods. Four cases with 30, 50, 100, and 500 patients are investigated for delivering the self-testing kits to the patients. The results show that the Tabu algorithm provides the best-optimized paths covering 31.85, 51.35, 85, and 349.15 km distance for different numbers of patients. In addition, the algorithms optimize the number of UAVs to be used in each case and address the studied cases patients with 5, 8, 14, and 71 UAVs, respectively. The current study provides the first step towards the practical handling of COVID-19 and other pandemics in developing countries, where the risks of spreading the infections can be minimized by reducing person-to-person contact. Furthermore, the reduced carbon footprints of these UAVs are an added advantage for developing countries that struggle to control such emissions. The proposed system is equally applicable to both developed and developing countries and can help reduce the spread of COVID-19 through minimizing the person-to-person contact, thus helping the transformation of healthcare to smart healthcare.

Keywordshealthcare; COVID-19; self-testing kits; unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); route optimization; delivery systems; artificial intelligence (AI); smart healthcare
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020400703. Autonomous vehicle systems
330201. Automation and technology in building and construction
Public Notes

Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions
of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Byline AffiliationsUniversity of New South Wales
National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan
School of Civil Engineering and Surveying
Deakin University
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Using multivariate regression and ANN models to predict properties of concrete cured under hot weather: a case of Rawalpindi Pakistan
Maqsoom, Ahsen, Aslam, Bilal, Gul, Muhammad Ehtisham, Ullah, Fahim, Kouzani, Abbas Z., Mahmud, M. A. Parvez and Nawaz, Adnan. 2021. "Using multivariate regression and ANN models to predict properties of concrete cured under hot weather: a case of Rawalpindi Pakistan." Sustainability. 13, pp. 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810164
A beginner’s guide to developing review-based conceptual frameworks in the built environment
Ullah, Fahim. 2021. "A beginner’s guide to developing review-based conceptual frameworks in the built environment." Architecture. 1 (1), pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture1010003
BIMp-chart — a global decision support system for measuring BIM implementation level in construction organizations
Malik, Qurratulain, Nasir, Abdur Rehman, Muhammad, Rabiah, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Ullah, Fahim, Khan, Khurram Iqbal Ahmad and Hassan, Muhammad Usman. 2021. "BIMp-chart — a global decision support system for measuring BIM implementation level in construction organizations." Sustainability. 13 (16), pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169270
Urban overheating assessment through prediction of surface temperatures: a case study of Karachi, Pakistan
Aslam, Bilal, Maqsoom, Ahsen, Khalid, Nauman, Ullah, Fahim and Sepasgozar, Samad. 2021. "Urban overheating assessment through prediction of surface temperatures: a case study of Karachi, Pakistan." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 10 (8), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080539
UAVs in disaster management: application of integrated aerial Imagery and convolutional neural network for flood detection
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra, Khan, Sara Imran and Mojtahedi, Mohammad. 2021. "UAVs in disaster management: application of integrated aerial Imagery and convolutional neural network for flood detection." Sustainability. 13 (14), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147547
A conceptual framework for blockchain smart contract adoption to manage real estate deals in smart cities
Ullah, Fahim and Al-Turjman, Fadi. 2023. "A conceptual framework for blockchain smart contract adoption to manage real estate deals in smart cities." Neural Computing and Applications. 35 (7), p. 5033–5054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05800-6
Investigating the flood damages in Lower Indus Basin since 2000: spatiotemporal analyses of the major flood events
Atif, Salman, Umar, Muhammad and Ullah, Fahim. 2021. "Investigating the flood damages in Lower Indus Basin since 2000: spatiotemporal analyses of the major flood events." Natural Hazards. 108, pp. 2357-2383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04783-w
Risk management in sustainable smart cities governance: a TOE framework
Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Al-Turjman, Fadi and Sepasgozar, Samad M.E.. 2021. "Risk management in sustainable smart cities governance: a TOE framework." Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120743
Advertising through UAVs: Optimized path system for delivering smart real‐estate advertisement materials
Ullah, Fahim, Al-Turjman, Fadi, Qayyum, Siddra, Inam, Hina and Imran, Muhammad. 2021. "Advertising through UAVs: Optimized path system for delivering smart real‐estate advertisement materials." International Journal of Intelligent Systems. 36 (7), pp. 3429-3463. https://doi.org/10.1002/int.22422
Modelling users’ perception of the online real estate platforms in a digitally disruptive environment: an integrated KANO-SISQual approach
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M.E., Shiwrozhan, Sara and Davis, Steven. 2021. "Modelling users’ perception of the online real estate platforms in a digitally disruptive environment: an integrated KANO-SISQual approach." Telematics and Informatics. 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101660
Application of deep learning on UAV-based aerial images for flood detection
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra and Heravi, Amirhossein. 2021. "Application of deep learning on UAV-based aerial images for flood detection." Smart Cities. 4 (3), pp. 1220-1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4030065
Best Value Contractor Selection in Road Construction Projects: ANP-Based Decision Support System
Hasnain, Muhammad, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Ullah, Fahim. 2018. "Best Value Contractor Selection in Road Construction Projects: ANP-Based Decision Support System." International Journal of Civil Engineering. 16 (6), pp. 695-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0199-2
Concession period of public private partnership projects: industry–academia gap analysis
Ullah, Fahim and Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin. 2018. "Concession period of public private partnership projects: industry–academia gap analysis." The International Journal of Construction Management. 18 (5), pp. 418-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2017.1333400
A systematic review of smart real estate technology: drivers of, and barriers to, the use of digital disruptive technologies and online platforms
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M.E. and Wang, Changxin. 2018. "A systematic review of smart real estate technology: drivers of, and barriers to, the use of digital disruptive technologies and online platforms." Sustainability. 10 (9), pp. 1-44. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093142
System dynamics model to determine concession period of PPP infrastructure projects: overarching effects of critical success factors
Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E. and Forcada, Nuria. 2018. "System dynamics model to determine concession period of PPP infrastructure projects: overarching effects of critical success factors." Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction. 10 (4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000280
The performance gap in energy-efficient office buildings: how the occupants can help?
Ali, Qadeer, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Ullah, Fahim and Sepasgozar, Samad M. E.. 2020. "The performance gap in energy-efficient office buildings: how the occupants can help?" Energies. 13 (6). https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061480
Key factors influencing purchase or rent decisions in smart real estate investments: a system dynamics approach using online forum thread data
Ullah, Fahim and Sepasgozar, Samad M. E.. 2020. "Key factors influencing purchase or rent decisions in smart real estate investments: a system dynamics approach using online forum thread data." Sustainability. 12 (11), pp. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114382
Smart digital marketing capabilities for sustainable property development: a case of Malaysia
Low, Sheen, Ullah, Fahim, Shiwrozhan, Sara, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E. and Lee, Chyi Lin. 2020. "Smart digital marketing capabilities for sustainable property development: a case of Malaysia." Sustainability. 12 (13), pp. 1-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135402
Contingency release during project execution: the contractor’s decision-making dilemma
Ayub, Bilal, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Ullah, Fahim. 2019. "Contingency release during project execution: the contractor’s decision-making dilemma." Project Management Journal. 50 (6), pp. 734-748. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972819848250
Six Sigma in construction: a review of critical success factors
Qayyum Siddiqui, Siddra, Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Gabriel, Hamza Farooq. 2016. "Six Sigma in construction: a review of critical success factors." International Journal of Lean Six Sigma. 7 (2), pp. 171-186. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlss-11-2015-0045
Labor Productivity Assessment Using Activity Analysis on Semi High-Rise Building Projects in Pakistan
Sheikh, Noaman Akbar, Ullah, Fahim, Ayub, Bilal and Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin. 2017. "Labor Productivity Assessment Using Activity Analysis on Semi High-Rise Building Projects in Pakistan." Engineering Journal. 21 (4), pp. 273-286. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2017.21.4.273
Influence of Six Sigma on project success in construction industry of Pakistan
Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Qayyum Siddiqui, Siddra and Khurshid, Muhammad Bilal. 2017. "Influence of Six Sigma on project success in construction industry of Pakistan." The TQM Journal. 29 (2), pp. 276-309. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-11-2015-0136
Examining the impact of students’ attendance, sketching, visualization, and tutors experience on students’ performance: a case of building structures course in construction management
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad, Tahmasebinia, Faham, Sepasgozar, Saleh Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh and Davis, Steven. 2020. "Examining the impact of students’ attendance, sketching, visualization, and tutors experience on students’ performance: a case of building structures course in construction management." Construction Economics and Building. 20 (3), pp. 78-102. https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v20i3.7056
Competitiveness in the construction industry: A contractor’s perspective on barriers to improving the construction industry performance
Azeem, Moazzam, Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad J. and Qayyum, Siddra. 2020. "Competitiveness in the construction industry: A contractor’s perspective on barriers to improving the construction industry performance." Journal of Construction Engineering, Management & Innovation. 3 (3), pp. 193-219. https://doi.org/10.31462/jcemi.2020.03193219
Empirical evidence of extension of time in construction projects
Shabbar, Haroon, Ullah, Fahim, Ayub, Bilal, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Gabriel, Hamza Farooq. 2017. "Empirical evidence of extension of time in construction projects." Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction. 9 (3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000217
It's all about perceptions: A DEMATEL approach to exploring user perceptions of real estate online platforms
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E., Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Wang, Changxin Cynthia and Imran, Muhammad. 2021. "It's all about perceptions: A DEMATEL approach to exploring user perceptions of real estate online platforms." Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 12 (4), pp. 4297-4317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.04.023
Addressing disasters in smart cities through UAVs path planning and 5G communications: A systematic review
Qadir, Zakria, Ullah, Fahim, Munawar, Hafiz Suliman and Al-Turjman, Fadi. 2021. "Addressing disasters in smart cities through UAVs path planning and 5G communications: A systematic review." Computer Communications. 168, pp. 114-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2021.01.003
Managing smart cities through six sigma DMADICV method: A review-based conceptual framework
Qayyum, Siddra, Ullah, Fahim, Al-Turjman, Fadi and Mojtahedi, Mohammad. 2021. "Managing smart cities through six sigma DMADICV method: A review-based conceptual framework." Sustainable Cities and Society. 72, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103022
A review of public-private partnership: critical factors of concession period
Ullah, Fahim, Ayub, Bilal, Qayyum, Siddra and Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin. 2016. "A review of public-private partnership: critical factors of concession period." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction. 21 (3), pp. 269-300. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMPC-02-2016-0011
Insights into the Mobility Pattern of Australians during COVID-19
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Khan, Sara Imran, Qadir, Zakria, Kiani, Yusra Sajid, Kouzani, Abbas Z. and Mahmud, M. A. Parvez. 2021. "Insights into the Mobility Pattern of Australians during COVID-19." Sustainability. 13 (17), pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179611
Predicting the energy output of hybrid PV–wind renewable energy system using feature selection technique for smart grids
Qadir, Zakria, Khan, Sara Imran, Khalaji, Erfan, Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Al-Turjman, Fadi, Mahmud, M. A. Parvez, Kouzani, Abbas Z. and Le, Khoa. 2021. "Predicting the energy output of hybrid PV–wind renewable energy system using feature selection technique for smart grids." Energy Reports. 7, pp. 8465-8475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.01.018
Cloud- and Fog-Integrated Smart Grid Model for Efficient Resource Utilisation
Akram, Junaid, Tahir, Arsalan, Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Akram, Awais, Kouzani, Abbas Z. and Mahmud, M. A. Parvez. 2021. "Cloud- and Fog-Integrated Smart Grid Model for Efficient Resource Utilisation." Sensors. 21 (23), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237846
Promoting Customer Loyalty and Satisfaction in Financial Institutions through Technology Integration: The Roles of Service Quality, Awareness, and Perceptions
Iqbal, Kamran, Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Inam, Hina and Qayyum, Siddra. 2021. "Promoting Customer Loyalty and Satisfaction in Financial Institutions through Technology Integration: The Roles of Service Quality, Awareness, and Perceptions." Sustainability. 13 (23), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312951