Inspecting Buildings Using Drones and Computer Vision: A Machine Learning Approach to Detect Cracks and Damages

Article


Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Ullah, Fahim, Heravi, Amirhossein, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Maqsoom, Ahsen. 2022. "Inspecting Buildings Using Drones and Computer Vision: A Machine Learning Approach to Detect Cracks and Damages." Drones. 6 (1), pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6010005
Article Title

Inspecting Buildings Using Drones and Computer Vision: A Machine Learning Approach to Detect Cracks and Damages

ERA Journal ID212296
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsMunawar, Hafiz Suliman (Author), Ullah, Fahim (Author), Heravi, Amirhossein (Author), Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin (Author) and Maqsoom, Ahsen (Author)
Journal TitleDrones
Journal Citation6 (1), pp. 1-23
Article Number5
Number of Pages23
Year2022
PublisherMDPI AG
Place of PublicationSwitzerland
ISSN2504-446X
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6010005
Web Address (URL)https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/1/5
Abstract

Manual inspection of infrastructure damages such as building cracks is difficult due to the objectivity and reliability of assessment and high demands of time and costs. This can be automated using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for aerial imagery of damages. Numerous computer vision-based approaches have been applied to address the limitations of crack detection but they have their limitations that can be overcome by using various hybrid approaches based on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques. The convolutional neural networks (CNNs), an application of the deep learning (DL) method, display remarkable potential for automatically detecting image features such as damages and are less sensitive to image noise. A modified deep hierarchical CNN architecture has been used in this study for crack detection and damage assessment in civil infrastructures. The proposed architecture is based on 16 convolution layers and a cycle generative adversarial network (CycleGAN). For this study, the crack images were collected using UAVs and open-source images of mid to high rise buildings (five stories and above) constructed during 2000 in Sydney, Australia. Conventionally, a CNN network only utilizes the last layer of convolution. However, our proposed network is based on the utility of multiple layers. Another important component of the proposed CNN architecture is the application of guided filtering (GF) and conditional random fields (CRFs) to refine the predicted outputs to get reliable results. Benchmarking data (600 images) of Sydney-based buildings damages was used to test the proposed architecture. The proposed deep hierarchical CNN architecture produced superior performance when evaluated using five methods: GF method, Baseline (BN) method, Deep-Crack BN, Deep-Crack GF, and SegNet. Overall, the GF method outperformed all other methods as indicated by the global accuracy (0.990), class average accuracy (0.939), mean intersection of the union overall classes (IoU) (0.879), precision (0.838), recall (0.879), and F-score (0.8581) values. Overall, the proposed CNN architecture provides the advantages of reduced noise, highly integrated supervision of features, adequate learning, and aggregation of both multi-scale and multilevel features during the training procedure along with the refinement of the overall output predictions.

Keywordsbuilding damages; convolutional neural networks (CNNs); computer vision; cracks; generative adversarial network (CycleGAN); infrastructure inspection; infrastructure monitoring; Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020330202. Building construction management and project planning
460304. Computer vision
460806. Human-computer interaction
330201. Automation and technology in building and construction
Byline AffiliationsSchool of Surveying and Built Environment
Deakin University
COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Awais, Muhammad, Aslam, Bilal, Maqsoom, Ahsen, Khalil, Umer, Ullah, Fahim, Azam, Sheheryar and Imran, Muhammad. 2021. "Assessing Nitrate Contamination Risks in Groundwater: A Machine Learning Approach." Applied Sciences. 11 (21), pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110034
An overview of the use of solar energy in building construction projects
Hojjatian, Mahsa, Heravi, Amirhossein and Asad Poor, Javad. 2021. "An overview of the use of solar energy in building construction projects." Creative City Design. 4 (2), pp. 33-39.
Effects of COVID‐19 on the Australian economy: insights into the mobility and unemployment rates in education and tourism sectors
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Khan, Sara Imran, Ullah, Fahim, Kouzani, Abbas Z. and Mahmud, M. A. Parvez. 2021. "Effects of COVID‐19 on the Australian economy: insights into the mobility and unemployment rates in education and tourism sectors." Sustainability. 13 (20), pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011300
Towards smart healthcare: UAV-based optimized path planning for delivering COVID-19 self-testing kits using cutting edge technologies
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Inam, Hina, Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra, Kouzani, Abbas Z. and Mahmud, M. A. Parvez. 2021. "Towards smart healthcare: UAV-based optimized path planning for delivering COVID-19 self-testing kits using cutting edge technologies." Sustainability. 13 (18), pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810426
UAV based spatiotemporal analysis of the 2019–2020 New South Wales bushfires
Ullah, Fahim, Khan, Sara Imran, Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Qadir, Zakria and Qayyum, Siddra. 2021. "UAV based spatiotemporal analysis of the 2019–2020 New South Wales bushfires." Sustainability. 13, pp. 1-35. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810207
Using multivariate regression and ANN models to predict properties of concrete cured under hot weather: a case of Rawalpindi Pakistan
Maqsoom, Ahsen, Aslam, Bilal, Gul, Muhammad Ehtisham, Ullah, Fahim, Kouzani, Abbas Z., Mahmud, M. A. Parvez and Nawaz, Adnan. 2021. "Using multivariate regression and ANN models to predict properties of concrete cured under hot weather: a case of Rawalpindi Pakistan." Sustainability. 13, pp. 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810164
A beginner’s guide to developing review-based conceptual frameworks in the built environment
Ullah, Fahim. 2021. "A beginner’s guide to developing review-based conceptual frameworks in the built environment." Architecture. 1 (1), pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture1010003
BIMp-chart — a global decision support system for measuring BIM implementation level in construction organizations
Malik, Qurratulain, Nasir, Abdur Rehman, Muhammad, Rabiah, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Ullah, Fahim, Khan, Khurram Iqbal Ahmad and Hassan, Muhammad Usman. 2021. "BIMp-chart — a global decision support system for measuring BIM implementation level in construction organizations." Sustainability. 13 (16), pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169270
Urban overheating assessment through prediction of surface temperatures: a case study of Karachi, Pakistan
Aslam, Bilal, Maqsoom, Ahsen, Khalid, Nauman, Ullah, Fahim and Sepasgozar, Samad. 2021. "Urban overheating assessment through prediction of surface temperatures: a case study of Karachi, Pakistan." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 10 (8), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080539
UAVs in disaster management: application of integrated aerial Imagery and convolutional neural network for flood detection
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra, Khan, Sara Imran and Mojtahedi, Mohammad. 2021. "UAVs in disaster management: application of integrated aerial Imagery and convolutional neural network for flood detection." Sustainability. 13 (14), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147547
A conceptual framework for blockchain smart contract adoption to manage real estate deals in smart cities
Ullah, Fahim and Al-Turjman, Fadi. 2023. "A conceptual framework for blockchain smart contract adoption to manage real estate deals in smart cities." Neural Computing and Applications. 35 (7), p. 5033–5054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05800-6
Investigating the flood damages in Lower Indus Basin since 2000: spatiotemporal analyses of the major flood events
Atif, Salman, Umar, Muhammad and Ullah, Fahim. 2021. "Investigating the flood damages in Lower Indus Basin since 2000: spatiotemporal analyses of the major flood events." Natural Hazards. 108, pp. 2357-2383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04783-w
Risk management in sustainable smart cities governance: a TOE framework
Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Al-Turjman, Fadi and Sepasgozar, Samad M.E.. 2021. "Risk management in sustainable smart cities governance: a TOE framework." Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120743
Advertising through UAVs: Optimized path system for delivering smart real‐estate advertisement materials
Ullah, Fahim, Al-Turjman, Fadi, Qayyum, Siddra, Inam, Hina and Imran, Muhammad. 2021. "Advertising through UAVs: Optimized path system for delivering smart real‐estate advertisement materials." International Journal of Intelligent Systems. 36 (7), pp. 3429-3463. https://doi.org/10.1002/int.22422
Modelling users’ perception of the online real estate platforms in a digitally disruptive environment: an integrated KANO-SISQual approach
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M.E., Shiwrozhan, Sara and Davis, Steven. 2021. "Modelling users’ perception of the online real estate platforms in a digitally disruptive environment: an integrated KANO-SISQual approach." Telematics and Informatics. 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101660
A practical framework to facilitate constructability implementation using the integrated project delivery approach: a case study
Jadidoleslami, Samereh, Saghatforoush, Ehsan, Heravi, Amirhossein and Preece, Christopher. 2022. "A practical framework to facilitate constructability implementation using the integrated project delivery approach: a case study." The International Journal of Construction Management. 22 (7), pp. 1225-1239. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2019.1686834
Application of deep learning on UAV-based aerial images for flood detection
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra and Heravi, Amirhossein. 2021. "Application of deep learning on UAV-based aerial images for flood detection." Smart Cities. 4 (3), pp. 1220-1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4030065
Providing an structure for risk assessment of residential projects against earthquake
Heravi, Amirhossein and Sarabi, Mahdiyeh. 2017. "Providing an structure for risk assessment of residential projects against earthquake." 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture and Urban Design. Kasem Bundit University, Bangkok 31 Aug 2017
Identification of barriers and providing solutions to implement project control system in building projects
Heravi, Amirhossein and Sarabi, Mahdiyeh. 2017. "Identification of barriers and providing solutions to implement project control system in building projects." 1st National Conference on Applied Researches in Sciences and Engineering. Mashhad, Iran 27 - 28 Jul 2017 Mashhad, Iran.
Identifying and prioritising factors impacting in court decisions for construction contract disputes
Bagherian Marandi, Navid, Ravanshadnia, Mehdi, Heravi, Amirhossein and Mehdizadeh, Hasan. 2021. "Identifying and prioritising factors impacting in court decisions for construction contract disputes." 12th International Congress on Civil Engineering. Mashhad, iran 12 - 14 Jul 2021 Iran.
Assessment of requirements for establishment of a framework to enhance implementation of quality practices in building projects
Heravitorbati, Amirhossein, Coffey, Vaughan and Trigunarsyah, Bambang. 2011. "Assessment of requirements for establishment of a framework to enhance implementation of quality practices in building projects." International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology. 2 (6), pp. 465-470.
Evaluating the existing barriers in implementing constructability
Jadidoleslami, Samereh, Saghatforoush, Ehsan, Heravi, Amirhossein and Preece, Christopher. 2018. "Evaluating the existing barriers in implementing constructability." Civil Engineering Journal. 4 (12), pp. 2864-2875. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091204
Best Value Contractor Selection in Road Construction Projects: ANP-Based Decision Support System
Hasnain, Muhammad, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Ullah, Fahim. 2018. "Best Value Contractor Selection in Road Construction Projects: ANP-Based Decision Support System." International Journal of Civil Engineering. 16 (6), pp. 695-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0199-2
Concession period of public private partnership projects: industry–academia gap analysis
Ullah, Fahim and Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin. 2018. "Concession period of public private partnership projects: industry–academia gap analysis." The International Journal of Construction Management. 18 (5), pp. 418-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2017.1333400
A systematic review of smart real estate technology: drivers of, and barriers to, the use of digital disruptive technologies and online platforms
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M.E. and Wang, Changxin. 2018. "A systematic review of smart real estate technology: drivers of, and barriers to, the use of digital disruptive technologies and online platforms." Sustainability. 10 (9), pp. 1-44. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093142
System dynamics model to determine concession period of PPP infrastructure projects: overarching effects of critical success factors
Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E. and Forcada, Nuria. 2018. "System dynamics model to determine concession period of PPP infrastructure projects: overarching effects of critical success factors." Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction. 10 (4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000280
The performance gap in energy-efficient office buildings: how the occupants can help?
Ali, Qadeer, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Ullah, Fahim and Sepasgozar, Samad M. E.. 2020. "The performance gap in energy-efficient office buildings: how the occupants can help?" Energies. 13 (6). https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061480
Key factors influencing purchase or rent decisions in smart real estate investments: a system dynamics approach using online forum thread data
Ullah, Fahim and Sepasgozar, Samad M. E.. 2020. "Key factors influencing purchase or rent decisions in smart real estate investments: a system dynamics approach using online forum thread data." Sustainability. 12 (11), pp. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114382
Smart digital marketing capabilities for sustainable property development: a case of Malaysia
Low, Sheen, Ullah, Fahim, Shiwrozhan, Sara, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E. and Lee, Chyi Lin. 2020. "Smart digital marketing capabilities for sustainable property development: a case of Malaysia." Sustainability. 12 (13), pp. 1-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135402
Contingency release during project execution: the contractor’s decision-making dilemma
Ayub, Bilal, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Ullah, Fahim. 2019. "Contingency release during project execution: the contractor’s decision-making dilemma." Project Management Journal. 50 (6), pp. 734-748. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972819848250
Six Sigma in construction: a review of critical success factors
Qayyum Siddiqui, Siddra, Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Gabriel, Hamza Farooq. 2016. "Six Sigma in construction: a review of critical success factors." International Journal of Lean Six Sigma. 7 (2), pp. 171-186. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlss-11-2015-0045
Labor Productivity Assessment Using Activity Analysis on Semi High-Rise Building Projects in Pakistan
Sheikh, Noaman Akbar, Ullah, Fahim, Ayub, Bilal and Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin. 2017. "Labor Productivity Assessment Using Activity Analysis on Semi High-Rise Building Projects in Pakistan." Engineering Journal. 21 (4), pp. 273-286. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2017.21.4.273
Influence of Six Sigma on project success in construction industry of Pakistan
Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Qayyum Siddiqui, Siddra and Khurshid, Muhammad Bilal. 2017. "Influence of Six Sigma on project success in construction industry of Pakistan." The TQM Journal. 29 (2), pp. 276-309. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-11-2015-0136
Examining the impact of students’ attendance, sketching, visualization, and tutors experience on students’ performance: a case of building structures course in construction management
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad, Tahmasebinia, Faham, Sepasgozar, Saleh Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh and Davis, Steven. 2020. "Examining the impact of students’ attendance, sketching, visualization, and tutors experience on students’ performance: a case of building structures course in construction management." Construction Economics and Building. 20 (3), pp. 78-102. https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v20i3.7056
Competitiveness in the construction industry: A contractor’s perspective on barriers to improving the construction industry performance
Azeem, Moazzam, Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad J. and Qayyum, Siddra. 2020. "Competitiveness in the construction industry: A contractor’s perspective on barriers to improving the construction industry performance." Journal of Construction Engineering, Management & Innovation. 3 (3), pp. 193-219. https://doi.org/10.31462/jcemi.2020.03193219
Empirical evidence of extension of time in construction projects
Shabbar, Haroon, Ullah, Fahim, Ayub, Bilal, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Gabriel, Hamza Farooq. 2017. "Empirical evidence of extension of time in construction projects." Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction. 9 (3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000217
It's all about perceptions: A DEMATEL approach to exploring user perceptions of real estate online platforms
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E., Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Wang, Changxin Cynthia and Imran, Muhammad. 2021. "It's all about perceptions: A DEMATEL approach to exploring user perceptions of real estate online platforms." Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 12 (4), pp. 4297-4317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.04.023
Addressing disasters in smart cities through UAVs path planning and 5G communications: A systematic review
Qadir, Zakria, Ullah, Fahim, Munawar, Hafiz Suliman and Al-Turjman, Fadi. 2021. "Addressing disasters in smart cities through UAVs path planning and 5G communications: A systematic review." Computer Communications. 168, pp. 114-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2021.01.003
Managing smart cities through six sigma DMADICV method: A review-based conceptual framework
Qayyum, Siddra, Ullah, Fahim, Al-Turjman, Fadi and Mojtahedi, Mohammad. 2021. "Managing smart cities through six sigma DMADICV method: A review-based conceptual framework." Sustainable Cities and Society. 72, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103022
A review of public-private partnership: critical factors of concession period
Ullah, Fahim, Ayub, Bilal, Qayyum, Siddra and Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin. 2016. "A review of public-private partnership: critical factors of concession period." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction. 21 (3), pp. 269-300. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMPC-02-2016-0011
Evaluating the level of stakeholder involvement during the project planning processes of building projects
Heravi, Amirhossein, Coffey, Vaughan and Trigunarsyah, Bambang. 2015. "Evaluating the level of stakeholder involvement during the project planning processes of building projects." International Journal of Project Management. 33 (5), pp. 985-997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.12.007
Effectiveness of constructability concept in the provision of infrastructure assets
Saghatforoush, E., Trigunarsyah, B., Too, E. and Heravitorbati, A.. 2011. "Effectiveness of constructability concept in the provision of infrastructure assets." Cowled, Craig J. L. (ed.) 1st International Postgraduate Conference on Engineering, Designing and Developing the Built Environment for Sustainable Wellbeing (eddBE 2011). Brisbane, Australia 27 - 29 Apr 2011 Brisbane, Australia.
Extending constructability concept to include operation and maintenance issues
Saghatforoush, Ehsan, Trigunarsyah, Bambang, Too, Eric G. and Heravitorbati, Amirhossein. 2011. "Extending constructability concept to include operation and maintenance issues." Preece, C. N., Fathi, M. S., Padfield, R., Papargyropoulou, E., BinAbdullah, M. M. and Rogers, J. (ed.) 1st International Construction Business & Management Symposium (ICBMS2011). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 21 - 22 Sep 2011 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Examination of process to develop a framework for better implementation of quality practices in building projects
Heravitorbati, Amirhossein, Coffey, Vaughan, Trigunarsyah, Bambang and Saghatforoush, Ehsan. 2011. "Examination of process to develop a framework for better implementation of quality practices in building projects." 2nd International Conference on Construction and Project Management 2011 (ICCPM2011). Singapore 16 - 18 Sep 2011 Singapore.
Evaluating the influences of stakeholder management on construction project quality
Heravitorbati, Amirhossein, Coffey, Vaughan, Trigunarsyah, Bambang and Saghatforoush, Ehsan. 2011. "Evaluating the influences of stakeholder management on construction project quality." Preece, C. N., Fathi, M. S., Padfield, R., Papargyropoulou, E., BinAbdullah, M. M. and Rogers, J. (ed.) 1st International Construction Business & Management Symposium (ICBMS2011). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 21 - 22 Sep 2011 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.