Gender affirmation and mental health in prison: A critical review of current corrections policy for trans people in Australia and New Zealand

Article

Dalzell, Laura, Pang, Sam C and Bromdal, Annette. 2024. "Gender affirmation and mental health in prison: A critical review of current corrections policy for trans people in Australia and New Zealand ." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 58 (1), pp. 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674231195285
Article Title

Gender affirmation and mental health in prison: A critical review of current corrections policy for trans people in Australia and New Zealand

ERA Journal ID13069
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsDalzell, Laura, Pang, Sam C and Bromdal, Annette
Journal TitleAustralian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
Journal Citation58 (1), pp. 21-36
Number of Pages16
Year2024
PublisherSAGE Publications Ltd
Place of PublicationAustralia
ISSN0004-8674
1440-1614
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674231195285
Web Address (URL)https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674231195285
Abstract

Background: Trans people in prison experience disproportionate rates of harm, including negative mental health outcomes,
and thus require special protections. Instead, corrections policies have historically further marginalised them.
This critical policy review aimed to compare corrections policies for trans people in Australia and New Zealand with
human rights standards and consider their mental health impact.
Methods: Online searches were conducted on corrections websites for each state/territory in Australia and New Zealand.
Drawing on the Nelson Mandela Rules and Yogyakarta Principles, 19 corrections policies relevant to placement,
naming, appearance and gender-affirming healthcare for trans people were reviewed. The potential mental health impact
of these policies on incarcerated trans people was discussed using the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience framework.
Results: Australian and New Zealand corrections policies have become more concordant with human rights standards
in the past 5 years. However, gender-related discrimination and human rights violations were present in corrections
policies of all jurisdictions. New South Wales and Victorian policies had the highest concordance with human rights
standards, while Queensland and South Australian policies had the lowest.
Conclusion: Policies that contribute to discrimination and minority stress may increase risk of mental health problems
and suicide for incarcerated trans people. Mental health professionals working in prisons need to be aware of these risks
to provide safe and accessible mental healthcare for trans people. Collaborative policy development with trans people
is essential to protect the safety and rights of incarcerated trans people and consider models beyond the gender binary
on which correctional systems have been founded.

KeywordsTrans person, non-binary person, prison, corrections policy, mental health, human rights, Australia, New Zealand
Contains Sensitive ContentContains sensitive content
Sensitive Handling NoteContains traumatic content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020440508. Transgender studies
420602. Health equity
440202. Correctional theory, offender treatment and rehabilitation
Byline AffiliationsVictorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Australia
School of Education
Centre for Health Research
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A Critical Discourse Analysis of an Australian Incarcerated Trans Woman’s Letters of Complaint and Self-Advocacy
Halliwell, Sherree D., du Plessis, Carol, Hickey, Andrew, Gildersleeve, Jessica, Mullens, Amy B., Sanders, Tait, Clark, Kirsty A., Hughto, Jaclyn M. W., Debattista, Joseph, Phillips, Tania M., Daken, Kirstie and Bromdal, Annette. 2022. "A Critical Discourse Analysis of an Australian Incarcerated Trans Woman’s Letters of Complaint and Self-Advocacy." Ethos. 50 (2), pp. 208-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12343
Safe Connection Toowoomba: Connecting and Supporting LGBTQIA+ Communities
Bromdal, Annette, Phillips, Tania, Sanders, Tait, Excell, Tarra, Mullens, Amy B and Lifeline Darling Downs and South West QLD Ltd. 2022. Safe Connection Toowoomba: Connecting and Supporting LGBTQIA+ Communities. Australia. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23857.25446
Beyond criticism of ethics review boards: strategies for engaging research communities and enhancing ethical review processes
Hickey, Andrew, Davis, Samantha, Farmer, Will, Dawidowicz, Julianna, Moloney, Clint, Lamont-Mills, Andrea, Carniel, Jess, Pillay, Yosheen, Akenson, David, Bromdal, Annette, Gehrmann, Richard, Mills, Dean, Kolbe-Alexander, Tracy, Machin, Tanya, Reich, Suzanne, Southey, Kim, Crowley-Cyr, Lynda, Watanabe, Taiji, Davenport, Josh, ..., Maxwell, Jacinta. 2021. "Beyond criticism of ethics review boards: strategies for engaging research communities and enhancing ethical review processes." Journal of Academic Ethics. 20, pp. 549-567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-021-09430-4
Towards a whole-school approach for sexuality education in supporting and upholding the rights and health of students with intersex variations
Bromdal, Annette, Zavross-Orr, Agli, Hunter, Lisa, Hand, Kirstine and Hart, Bonnie. 2021. "Towards a whole-school approach for sexuality education in supporting and upholding the rights and health of students with intersex variations." Sex Education. 21 (5), pp. 568-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2020.1864726
Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa, Quinlivan, Kathleen and Bromdal, Annette. 2017. "Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility." Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education. 38 (1), pp. 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2015.1104850
Competency, capability and professional identity: the case for advanced practice
Fergusson, Lee C., Bromdal, Annette, Gough, Murray and Mears, Stephen. 2020. "Competency, capability and professional identity: the case for advanced practice." Work Based Learning e-journal. 9 (1), pp. 95-131.
Questioning representations of athletes with elevated testosterone levels in elite women’s sports: a critical policy analysis
Bromdal, Annette, Olive, Rebecca and Walker, Brooke. 2020. "Questioning representations of athletes with elevated testosterone levels in elite women’s sports: a critical policy analysis." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 12 (4), pp. 699-715. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1834432
'We don’t recognize transsexuals … and we’re not going to treat you': cruel and unusual and the lived experiences of transgender women in US prisons
Phillips, Tania, Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy, Gildersleeve, Jessica and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "'We don’t recognize transsexuals … and we’re not going to treat you': cruel and unusual and the lived experiences of transgender women in US prisons." Harmes, Marcus, Harmes, Meredith and Harmes, Barbara (ed.) The Palgrave handbook of incarceration in popular culture. Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 331-360
The Pedagogical Possibilities of Critically Examining Gender and Sexuality in Initial Teacher Education Through the Lens of Intersex
Bromdal, Annette and Davis, Ian. 2020. "The Pedagogical Possibilities of Critically Examining Gender and Sexuality in Initial Teacher Education Through the Lens of Intersex." van Rensburg, Henriette and O'Neill, Shirley (ed.) Inclusive Theory and Practice in Special Education. Hershey, United States. IGI Global. pp. 99-123
A Critical Investigation of Masculinity in Education: Using a Narrative Method
Davis, Ian and Bromdal, Annette. 2020. "A Critical Investigation of Masculinity in Education: Using a Narrative Method." van Rensburg, Henriette and O'Neill, Shirley (ed.) Inclusive Theory and Practice in Special Education. Hershey, United States. IGI Global. pp. 288-300
Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people
Bromdal, Annette, Clark, Kirsty A., Hughto, Jaclyn M. W., Debattista, Joseph, Phillips, Tania M., Mullens, Amy B., Gow, Jeff and Daken, Kirstie. 2019. "Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people." International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (4), pp. 341-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1651684
Memoirs and manifestos for early career researchers in gender and sexuality education research
Coll, Leanne, van Leent, Lisa and Bromdal, Annette. 2019. "Memoirs and manifestos for early career researchers in gender and sexuality education research." Jones, Tiffany, Coll, Leanne, van Leent, Lisa and Taylor, Yvette (ed.) Uplifting gender and sexuality education research. Cham, Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 279-302
Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa, Quinlivan, Kathleen and Bromdal, Annette. 2018. "Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility." Halse, Christine, Hartung, Catherine and Wright, Jan (ed.) Responsibility and responsibilisation in education. Abingdon, UK. Routledge. pp. 30-42
Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs: a systematic review
Mullens, Amy, Bromdal, Annette, Phillips, Tania and Gow, Jeff. 2018. "Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs: a systematic review." International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 25, p. S42.
Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: a systematic review
Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy B., Phillips, Tania M. and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: a systematic review." International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (1), pp. 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1538838
Lived experiences among transgender and gender diverse offenders and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs, and knowledge and attitudes among prison officers towards transgender and gender diverse prisoners, sexuality and HIV/STIs: protocol for a systematic review
Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy, Phillips, Tania and Gow, Jeff. 2017. "Lived experiences among transgender and gender diverse offenders and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs, and knowledge and attitudes among prison officers towards transgender and gender diverse prisoners, sexuality and HIV/STIs: protocol for a systematic review." PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. 18 Sept 2017.
In search of critical pedagogy in sexuality education: visions, imaginations, and paradoxes
Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2015. "In search of critical pedagogy in sexuality education: visions, imaginations, and paradoxes." Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies. 37 (1), pp. 53-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2015.988537
Intersex bodies in sexuality education: on the edge of cultural difference
Bromdal, Annette, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa and Quinlivan, Kathleen. 2017. "Intersex bodies in sexuality education: on the edge of cultural difference." Allen, Louisa and Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) The Palgrave handbook of sexuality education. London, United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 369-390
Sexuality education in public schools in Australia and Aotearoa - New Zealand
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Allen, Louisa, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2016. "Sexuality education in public schools in Australia and Aotearoa - New Zealand." Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) Progressive sexuality education: the conceits of secularism. New York. Routledge. pp. 48-70
Who's afraid of sex at school? The politics of researching culture, religion and sexuality at school
Allen, Louisa, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Aspin, Clive, Sanjakdar, Fida and Bromdal, Annette. 2012. "Who's afraid of sex at school? The politics of researching culture, religion and sexuality at school." International Journal of Research and Method in Education. 37 (1), pp. 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2012.754006
Meeting at the crossroads: re-conceptualising difference in research teams
Allen, Louisa, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Aspin, Clive, Sanjakdar, Fida, Bromdal, Annette and Rasmussen, Mary Lou. 2014. "Meeting at the crossroads: re-conceptualising difference in research teams." Qualitative Research Journal. 14 (2), pp. 119-133. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-08-2013-0047
Sexuality Education in Public Schools in Australia and Aotearoa New Zeeland
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Allen, Louisa, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2016. "Sexuality Education in Public Schools in Australia and Aotearoa New Zeeland ." Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) Progressive Sexuality Education: The Conceits of Secularism. New York. Routledge. pp. 48-70
(Un)Queering the Intersex Body in Elite Sports
Brömdal, Annette C.G.. 2011. "(Un)Queering the Intersex Body in Elite Sports ." Ramello, Stefano (ed.) Fascination of Queer. United Kingdom. Brill. pp. 23-34