Gender affirmation and mental health in prison: A critical review of current corrections policy for trans people in Australia and New Zealand

Article


Dalzell, Laura, Pang, Sam C and Bromdal, Annette. 2024. "Gender affirmation and mental health in prison: A critical review of current corrections policy for trans people in Australia and New Zealand ." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 58 (1), pp. 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674231195285
Article Title

Gender affirmation and mental health in prison: A critical review of current corrections policy for trans people in Australia and New Zealand

ERA Journal ID13069
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsDalzell, Laura, Pang, Sam C and Bromdal, Annette
Journal TitleAustralian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
Journal Citation58 (1), pp. 21-36
Number of Pages16
Year2024
PublisherSAGE Publications Ltd
Place of PublicationAustralia
ISSN0004-8674
1440-1614
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674231195285
Web Address (URL)https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00048674231195285
Abstract

Background: Trans people in prison experience disproportionate rates of harm, including negative mental health outcomes,
and thus require special protections. Instead, corrections policies have historically further marginalised them.
This critical policy review aimed to compare corrections policies for trans people in Australia and New Zealand with
human rights standards and consider their mental health impact.
Methods: Online searches were conducted on corrections websites for each state/territory in Australia and New Zealand.
Drawing on the Nelson Mandela Rules and Yogyakarta Principles, 19 corrections policies relevant to placement,
naming, appearance and gender-affirming healthcare for trans people were reviewed. The potential mental health impact
of these policies on incarcerated trans people was discussed using the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience framework.
Results: Australian and New Zealand corrections policies have become more concordant with human rights standards
in the past 5 years. However, gender-related discrimination and human rights violations were present in corrections
policies of all jurisdictions. New South Wales and Victorian policies had the highest concordance with human rights
standards, while Queensland and South Australian policies had the lowest.
Conclusion: Policies that contribute to discrimination and minority stress may increase risk of mental health problems
and suicide for incarcerated trans people. Mental health professionals working in prisons need to be aware of these risks
to provide safe and accessible mental healthcare for trans people. Collaborative policy development with trans people
is essential to protect the safety and rights of incarcerated trans people and consider models beyond the gender binary
on which correctional systems have been founded.

KeywordsTrans person, non-binary person, prison, corrections policy, mental health, human rights, Australia, New Zealand
Contains Sensitive ContentContains sensitive content
Sensitive Handling NoteContains traumatic content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020440508. Transgender studies
420602. Health equity
440202. Correctional theory, offender treatment and rehabilitation
Byline AffiliationsVictorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Australia
School of Education
Centre for Health Research
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