Mental health outcomes of transgender and gender diverse students in schools: a systematic literature review

Article

Day, Mahaila and Bromdal, Annette. 2024. "Mental health outcomes of transgender and gender diverse students in schools: a systematic literature review." International Journal of Transgender Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2024.2359934
Article Title

Mental health outcomes of transgender and gender diverse students in schools: a systematic literature review

Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsDay, Mahaila and Bromdal, Annette
Journal TitleInternational Journal of Transgender Health
Number of Pages21
Year2024
PublisherTaylor & Francis
Place of PublicationUnited States
ISSN2689-5277
2689-5269
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2024.2359934
Web Address (URL)https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/26895269.2024.2359934
Abstract

Introduction
This systematic literature review (SLR) investigates the effects school environments have on the mental health outcomes of transgender and gender diverse students. Current literature highlights the need to support the mental health of transgender and gender diverse students in school, however the research synthesizing the existing research is limited. This SLR brings together existing literature exploring the school experience and mental health outcomes for this cohort in schools.

Methods
The review followed PRISMA Guidelines and included JBI quality appraisal tools of included studies. Four electronic databases were used, with literature searches conducted on 31 July 2023. Included studies were assessed against predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria, with included studies written in English, no date or geographical limitations, online full-text availability, peer-reviewed, and relevant to the research question. Abstract, full-text review, and quality appraisal were conducted by two independent reviewers. Collected data were synthesized using a revised and three-levelled socio-ecological framework and further thematic analysis within the three categories.

Results
15 studies were included for final synthesis with four using qualitative methodologies, and 11 being cross-sectional studies. The final synthesis comprised three themes, exploring structural level, interpersonal level and individual level barriers to optimal mental health outcomes for transgender and gender diverse students in school settings. Findings highlight and support previous findings of an alarmingly high rate of mental health concerns, including self-harm, suicide and suicidal ideation in transgender and gender diverse youth in school settings.

Conclusions
The current literature highlights the need to explore how denominational affiliations of school environments affect the experiences, challenges and mental health outcomes of transgender and gender diverse youth. Further research needs to comprehensively unpack the unique structural, interpersonal and individual needs of transgender and gender diverse youth in these diverse school environments, to then provide adequate and affirming support enhancing their overall health and wellbeing.

KeywordsMental health outcomes; religion; school; transgender and gender diverse youth
Article Publishing Charge (APC) FundingOther
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020390406. Gender, sexuality and education
420602. Health equity
Byline AffiliationsSchool of Education
Centre for Health Research
Institute for Resilient Regions
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Bromdal, Annette, Phillips, Tania, Sanders, Tait, Excell, Tarra, Mullens, Amy B and Lifeline Darling Downs and South West QLD Ltd. 2022. Safe Connection Toowoomba: Connecting and Supporting LGBTQIA+ Communities. Australia. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23857.25446
Beyond criticism of ethics review boards: strategies for engaging research communities and enhancing ethical review processes
Hickey, Andrew, Davis, Samantha, Farmer, Will, Dawidowicz, Julianna, Moloney, Clint, Lamont-Mills, Andrea, Carniel, Jess, Pillay, Yosheen, Akenson, David, Bromdal, Annette, Gehrmann, Richard, Mills, Dean, Kolbe-Alexander, Tracy, Machin, Tanya, Reich, Suzanne, Southey, Kim, Crowley-Cyr, Lynda, Watanabe, Taiji, Davenport, Josh, ..., Maxwell, Jacinta. 2021. "Beyond criticism of ethics review boards: strategies for engaging research communities and enhancing ethical review processes." Journal of Academic Ethics. 20, pp. 549-567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-021-09430-4
Towards a whole-school approach for sexuality education in supporting and upholding the rights and health of students with intersex variations
Bromdal, Annette, Zavross-Orr, Agli, Hunter, Lisa, Hand, Kirstine and Hart, Bonnie. 2021. "Towards a whole-school approach for sexuality education in supporting and upholding the rights and health of students with intersex variations." Sex Education. 21 (5), pp. 568-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2020.1864726
Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa, Quinlivan, Kathleen and Bromdal, Annette. 2017. "Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility." Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education. 38 (1), pp. 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2015.1104850
Competency, capability and professional identity: the case for advanced practice
Fergusson, Lee C., Bromdal, Annette, Gough, Murray and Mears, Stephen. 2020. "Competency, capability and professional identity: the case for advanced practice." Work Based Learning e-journal. 9 (1), pp. 95-131.
Questioning representations of athletes with elevated testosterone levels in elite women’s sports: a critical policy analysis
Bromdal, Annette, Olive, Rebecca and Walker, Brooke. 2020. "Questioning representations of athletes with elevated testosterone levels in elite women’s sports: a critical policy analysis." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 12 (4), pp. 699-715. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1834432
'We don’t recognize transsexuals … and we’re not going to treat you': cruel and unusual and the lived experiences of transgender women in US prisons
Phillips, Tania, Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy, Gildersleeve, Jessica and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "'We don’t recognize transsexuals … and we’re not going to treat you': cruel and unusual and the lived experiences of transgender women in US prisons." Harmes, Marcus, Harmes, Meredith and Harmes, Barbara (ed.) The Palgrave handbook of incarceration in popular culture. Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 331-360
The Pedagogical Possibilities of Critically Examining Gender and Sexuality in Initial Teacher Education Through the Lens of Intersex
Bromdal, Annette and Davis, Ian. 2020. "The Pedagogical Possibilities of Critically Examining Gender and Sexuality in Initial Teacher Education Through the Lens of Intersex." van Rensburg, Henriette and O'Neill, Shirley (ed.) Inclusive Theory and Practice in Special Education. Hershey, United States. IGI Global. pp. 99-123
A Critical Investigation of Masculinity in Education: Using a Narrative Method
Davis, Ian and Bromdal, Annette. 2020. "A Critical Investigation of Masculinity in Education: Using a Narrative Method." van Rensburg, Henriette and O'Neill, Shirley (ed.) Inclusive Theory and Practice in Special Education. Hershey, United States. IGI Global. pp. 288-300
Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people
Bromdal, Annette, Clark, Kirsty A., Hughto, Jaclyn M. W., Debattista, Joseph, Phillips, Tania M., Mullens, Amy B., Gow, Jeff and Daken, Kirstie. 2019. "Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people." International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (4), pp. 341-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1651684
Memoirs and manifestos for early career researchers in gender and sexuality education research
Coll, Leanne, van Leent, Lisa and Bromdal, Annette. 2019. "Memoirs and manifestos for early career researchers in gender and sexuality education research." Jones, Tiffany, Coll, Leanne, van Leent, Lisa and Taylor, Yvette (ed.) Uplifting gender and sexuality education research. Cham, Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 279-302
Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa, Quinlivan, Kathleen and Bromdal, Annette. 2018. "Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility." Halse, Christine, Hartung, Catherine and Wright, Jan (ed.) Responsibility and responsibilisation in education. Abingdon, UK. Routledge. pp. 30-42
Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs: a systematic review
Mullens, Amy, Bromdal, Annette, Phillips, Tania and Gow, Jeff. 2018. "Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs: a systematic review." International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 25, p. S42.
Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: a systematic review
Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy B., Phillips, Tania M. and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: a systematic review." International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (1), pp. 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1538838
Lived experiences among transgender and gender diverse offenders and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs, and knowledge and attitudes among prison officers towards transgender and gender diverse prisoners, sexuality and HIV/STIs: protocol for a systematic review
Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy, Phillips, Tania and Gow, Jeff. 2017. "Lived experiences among transgender and gender diverse offenders and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs, and knowledge and attitudes among prison officers towards transgender and gender diverse prisoners, sexuality and HIV/STIs: protocol for a systematic review." PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. 18 Sept 2017.
In search of critical pedagogy in sexuality education: visions, imaginations, and paradoxes
Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2015. "In search of critical pedagogy in sexuality education: visions, imaginations, and paradoxes." Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies. 37 (1), pp. 53-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2015.988537
Intersex bodies in sexuality education: on the edge of cultural difference
Bromdal, Annette, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa and Quinlivan, Kathleen. 2017. "Intersex bodies in sexuality education: on the edge of cultural difference." Allen, Louisa and Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) The Palgrave handbook of sexuality education. London, United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 369-390
Sexuality education in public schools in Australia and Aotearoa - New Zealand
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Allen, Louisa, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2016. "Sexuality education in public schools in Australia and Aotearoa - New Zealand." Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) Progressive sexuality education: the conceits of secularism. New York. Routledge. pp. 48-70
Who's afraid of sex at school? The politics of researching culture, religion and sexuality at school
Allen, Louisa, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Aspin, Clive, Sanjakdar, Fida and Bromdal, Annette. 2012. "Who's afraid of sex at school? The politics of researching culture, religion and sexuality at school." International Journal of Research and Method in Education. 37 (1), pp. 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2012.754006
Meeting at the crossroads: re-conceptualising difference in research teams
Allen, Louisa, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Aspin, Clive, Sanjakdar, Fida, Bromdal, Annette and Rasmussen, Mary Lou. 2014. "Meeting at the crossroads: re-conceptualising difference in research teams." Qualitative Research Journal. 14 (2), pp. 119-133. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-08-2013-0047
Sexuality Education in Public Schools in Australia and Aotearoa New Zeeland
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Allen, Louisa, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2016. "Sexuality Education in Public Schools in Australia and Aotearoa New Zeeland ." Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) Progressive Sexuality Education: The Conceits of Secularism. New York. Routledge. pp. 48-70
(Un)Queering the Intersex Body in Elite Sports
Brömdal, Annette C.G.. 2011. "(Un)Queering the Intersex Body in Elite Sports ." Ramello, Stefano (ed.) Fascination of Queer. United Kingdom. Brill. pp. 23-34