Why has 'taking a knee' failed as athlete activism?

Article

Radavoi, Ciprian N and Bromdal, Annette. 2025. "Why has 'taking a knee' failed as athlete activism? " International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2025.2515165

Article Title	Why has 'taking a knee' failed as athlete activism?
ERA Journal ID	123149
Article Category	Article
Authors	Radavoi, Ciprian N and Bromdal, Annette
Journal Title	International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics
Number of Pages	8
Year	2025
Publisher	Taylor & Francis
Place of Publication	United Kingdom
ISSN	1940-6940
	1940-6959
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2025.2515165
Web Address (URL)	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19406940.2025.2515165
Abstract	Kneeling to communicate athlete’s support to the antiracism movement has sporadically been done at soccer competitions in the Western world in the late 2010s and early 2020s. The movement’s lack of expansion is surprising given the contemporary isomorphic tendencies in governance in fields like sports, higher education, and business. The death of the ‘take a knee’ movement was confirmed in recent years at major sporting events: the 2021 Tokyo Olympics soccer tournament, the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2023 in Australia and New Zealand, and the 2024 Paris Olympics soccer competition. This article argues that kneeling’s failure in enthusing potential communicators (sportspersons) and recipients (sports crowds) largely reflects the uninspired choice of symbolic communication for this grassroots movement, at least outside the United States.
Keywords	Kaepernick; take a knee; ritual; Rule 50; sports activism
Contains Sensitive Content	Does not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020	480414. Sports law
	470108. Organisational, interpersonal and intercultural communication
Public Notes	Files associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions.
Byline Affiliations	School of Law and Justice
	School of Education
	Centre for Health Research
	Institute for Resilient Regions

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Bromdal, Annette, Olive, Rebecca and Walker, Brooke. 2020. "Questioning representations of athletes with elevated testosterone levels in elite women’s sports: a critical policy analysis." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 12 (4), pp. 699-715. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1834432

'We don’t recognize transsexuals … and we’re not going to treat you': cruel and unusual and the lived experiences of transgender women in US prisons

Phillips, Tania, Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy, Gildersleeve, Jessica and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "'We don’t recognize transsexuals … and we’re not going to treat you': cruel and unusual and the lived experiences of transgender women in US prisons." Harmes, Marcus, Harmes, Meredith and Harmes, Barbara (ed.) The Palgrave handbook of incarceration in popular culture. Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 331-360

The Pedagogical Possibilities of Critically Examining Gender and Sexuality in Initial Teacher Education Through the Lens of Intersex

Bromdal, Annette and Davis, Ian. 2020. "The Pedagogical Possibilities of Critically Examining Gender and Sexuality in Initial Teacher Education Through the Lens of Intersex." van Rensburg, Henriette and O'Neill, Shirley (ed.) Inclusive Theory and Practice in Special Education. Hershey, United States. IGI Global. pp. 99-123

A Critical Investigation of Masculinity in Education: Using a Narrative Method

Davis, Ian and Bromdal, Annette. 2020. "A Critical Investigation of Masculinity in Education: Using a Narrative Method." van Rensburg, Henriette and O'Neill, Shirley (ed.) Inclusive Theory and Practice in Special Education. Hershey, United States. IGI Global. pp. 288-300

Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people

Bromdal, Annette, Clark, Kirsty A., Hughto, Jaclyn M. W., Debattista, Joseph, Phillips, Tania M., Mullens, Amy B., Gow, Jeff and Daken, Kirstie. 2019. "Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people." International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (4), pp. 341-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1651684

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Freedom, Rationality, Rule of Law and Democracy: Should We Not Be Debating It?

Radavoi, Ciprian N.. 2020. "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Freedom, Rationality, Rule of Law and Democracy: Should We Not Be Debating It?" Texas Journal on Civil Liberties and Civil Rights. 25 (2), pp. 107-129.

First Peoples and Demographic Change in Australia: Was the Constitutional Statement of Recognition Too Easily Discarded?

Radavoi, Ciprian Nicolae. 2020. "First Peoples and Demographic Change in Australia: Was the Constitutional Statement of Recognition Too Easily Discarded?" ab-Original: Journal of Indigenous Studies and First Nations and First Peoples' Cultures. 3 (2), pp. 264-274. https://doi.org/10.5325/aboriginal.3.2.0264

Advancing culture’s role in sustainable development: social change through cultural policy

Rayman-Bacchus, Lez and Radavoi, Ciprian N.. 2020. "Advancing culture’s role in sustainable development: social change through cultural policy." The International Journal of Cultural Policy. 26 (5), pp. 649-667. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2019.1624735

Isomorphic Mutation and Strategic Adaptation in China's CSR Standards for Overseas Investors

Radavoi, Ciprian N. and Bian, Yongmin. 2020. "Isomorphic Mutation and Strategic Adaptation in China's CSR Standards for Overseas Investors." Díaz, Belén Díaz, Capaldi, Nicholas, Idowu, Samuel O. and Schmidpeter, René (ed.) Responsible Business in a Changing World: New Management Approaches for Sustainable Development. Switzerland. Springer. pp. 247-270

Australian Law in Context: Social, Political and Global Perspectives

Radavoi, Ciprian and Norris, Stephen. 2020. Australian Law in Context: Social, Political and Global Perspectives. Australia. Lexis Nexis.

Memoirs and manifestos for early career researchers in gender and sexuality education research

Coll, Leanne, van Leent, Lisa and Bromdal, Annette. 2019. "Memoirs and manifestos for early career researchers in gender and sexuality education research." Jones, Tiffany, Coll, Leanne, van Leent, Lisa and Taylor, Yvette (ed.) Uplifting gender and sexuality education research. Cham, Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 279-302

Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility

Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa, Quinlivan, Kathleen and Bromdal, Annette. 2018. "Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility." Halse, Christine, Hartung, Catherine and Wright, Jan (ed.) Responsibility and responsibilisation in education. Abingdon, UK. Routledge. pp. 30-42

Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs: a systematic review

Mullens, Amy, Bromdal, Annette, Phillips, Tania and Gow, Jeff. 2018. "Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs: a systematic review." International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 25, p. S42.

Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: a systematic review

Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy B., Phillips, Tania M. and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: a systematic review." International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (1), pp. 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1538838

Lived experiences among transgender and gender diverse offenders and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs, and knowledge and attitudes among prison officers towards transgender and gender diverse prisoners, sexuality and HIV/STIs: protocol for a systematic review

Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy, Phillips, Tania and Gow, Jeff. 2017. "Lived experiences among transgender and gender diverse offenders and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs, and knowledge and attitudes among prison officers towards transgender and gender diverse prisoners, sexuality and HIV/STIs: protocol for a systematic review." PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. 18 Sept 2017.

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank's environmental and social policies: a critical discourse analysis

Radavoi, Ciprian N. and Bian, Yongmin. 2018. "The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank's environmental and social policies: a critical discourse analysis." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy. 34, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2017.1372301

Indirect Responsibility in Development Lending: Do Multilateral Banks Have an Obligation to Monitor Project Loans?

Radavoi, Ciprian N.. 2018. "Indirect Responsibility in Development Lending: Do Multilateral Banks Have an Obligation to Monitor Project Loans?" Texas International Law Journal. 53 (1), pp. 1-21.

In search of critical pedagogy in sexuality education: visions, imaginations, and paradoxes

Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2015. "In search of critical pedagogy in sexuality education: visions, imaginations, and paradoxes." Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies. 37 (1), pp. 53-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2015.988537

Intersex bodies in sexuality education: on the edge of cultural difference

Bromdal, Annette, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa and Quinlivan, Kathleen. 2017. "Intersex bodies in sexuality education: on the edge of cultural difference." Allen, Louisa and Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) The Palgrave handbook of sexuality education. London, United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 369-390

Towards the Consolidation of Movable Security Registration: Is the Successful Romanian Model Applicable in China?

Wang, Shumin, Radavoi, Ciprian N. and Scaunasu, Ion. 2017. "Towards the Consolidation of Movable Security Registration: Is the Successful Romanian Model Applicable in China?" The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law. 5 (1), pp. 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxx006

Thoughts on the U.N. 2017 Population Prospects: Procreation-Related Internationally Wrongful Acts, and Overpopulation as Global Risk

Radavoi, Ciprian N.. 2017. "Thoughts on the U.N. 2017 Population Prospects: Procreation-Related Internationally Wrongful Acts, and Overpopulation as Global Risk." Pace International Law Review. 30 (1), pp. 119-145.

Sexuality education in public schools in Australia and Aotearoa - New Zealand

Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Allen, Louisa, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2016. "Sexuality education in public schools in Australia and Aotearoa - New Zealand." Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) Progressive sexuality education: the conceits of secularism. New York. Routledge. pp. 48-70

Who's afraid of sex at school? The politics of researching culture, religion and sexuality at school

Allen, Louisa, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Aspin, Clive, Sanjakdar, Fida and Bromdal, Annette. 2012. "Who's afraid of sex at school? The politics of researching culture, religion and sexuality at school." International Journal of Research and Method in Education. 37 (1), pp. 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2012.754006

Meeting at the crossroads: re-conceptualising difference in research teams

Allen, Louisa, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Aspin, Clive, Sanjakdar, Fida, Bromdal, Annette and Rasmussen, Mary Lou. 2014. "Meeting at the crossroads: re-conceptualising difference in research teams." Qualitative Research Journal. 14 (2), pp. 119-133. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-08-2013-0047

Home Countries and Transnational Bribery: China’s Changing Approach

Radavoi, Ciprian and Bian, Yongmin. 2016. "Home Countries and Transnational Bribery: China’s Changing Approach." China and WTO Review. 2 (1), pp. 7-32. https://doi.org/10.14330/cwr.2016.2.1.01

The Immigration Crisis' Challenge to the Universality of Intergenerational Justice

Radavoi, Ciprian N.. 2016. "The Immigration Crisis' Challenge to the Universality of Intergenerational Justice." Journal of Identity and Migration Studies. 10 (2), pp. 34-41.

Voluntary Engagement, Compulsory Marriage? The Necessity and Opportunity of Community-Investor Environmental Arbitration

Radavoi, Ciprian. 2016. "Voluntary Engagement, Compulsory Marriage? The Necessity and Opportunity of Community-Investor Environmental Arbitration." South Carolina Journal of International Law and Business. 12 (2), pp. 117-144.

Sexuality Education in Public Schools in Australia and Aotearoa New Zeeland

Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Allen, Louisa, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2016. "Sexuality Education in Public Schools in Australia and Aotearoa New Zeeland ." Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) Progressive Sexuality Education: The Conceits of Secularism. New York. Routledge. pp. 48-70

Factors Countervailing Immigrant Phobia: A Paradoxically Successful Case of Chinese Migration

Radavoi, Ciprian. 2015. "Factors Countervailing Immigrant Phobia: A Paradoxically Successful Case of Chinese Migration." Romanian Review of Political Science and International Relations. 12 (1), pp. 3-20.

Fenceline Communities and Environmentally Damaging Projects: An Asymptotically Evolving Veto Right

Radavoi, Ciprian. 2015. "Fenceline Communities and Environmentally Damaging Projects: An Asymptotically Evolving Veto Right." Tulane Environmental Law Journal. 29 (1).

Fenceline Communities and Environmentally Damaging Projects: An Asymptotically Evolving Right To Veto

Radavoi, Ciprian N.. 2015. "Fenceline Communities and Environmentally Damaging Projects: An Asymptotically Evolving Right To Veto." Tulane Environmental Law Journal. 29, pp. 1-29.

Locating local community interests between government's assurances and investor's expectations

Radavoi, Ciprian. 2015. "Locating local community interests between government's assurances and investor's expectations." Rayman-Bacchus, Lez and Walsh, Philip (ed.) Corporate Responsibility and Sustainable Development: Exploring the Nexus of Private and Public Interests . Routledge-Cavendish. pp. 81-99