Reframing School Refusal as School Dis/Stress

Poster

Leslie, Rachel, Oberg, Glenys, Townley, Cris, Westphal, Tiffany, Rogers, Louise and Bromdal, Annette. 2025. "Reframing School Refusal as School Dis/Stress." Australian Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools National Conference 2025 (APACS 2025). Tasmania, Australia 20 - 21 Oct 2025
Paper/Presentation Title

Reframing School Refusal as School Dis/Stress

Presentation TypePoster
AuthorsLeslie, Rachel, Oberg, Glenys, Townley, Cris, Westphal, Tiffany, Rogers, Louise and Bromdal, Annette
Year2025
Conference/EventAustralian Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools National Conference 2025 (APACS 2025)
Event Details
Australian Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools National Conference 2025 (APACS 2025)
Delivery
In person
Event Date
20 to end of 21 Oct 2025
Event Location
Tasmania, Australia
Event Venue
Grand Chancellor Hotel
Event Web Address (URL)
Abstract

As a result of the Australian Federal Government's Senate inquiry into the national trend of school refusal and related matters, there is a spotlight on the challenges faced by children and young people in attending school. With growing concerns over the use of the term ‘school refusal’ and the emphasis on a deficit view of the student, there are calls to reconceptualise the way school psychologists and counsellors understand the phenomenon. This in turn requires updated language to reflect the recognition of the role emotional distress plays. Drawing on a dynamic socio-ecological model. This paper highlights the relationship between the structural, interpersonal and individual factors that influence school attendance difficulties. Understanding the relationship between stress and distress will help school well-being professionals to recognise the students who are experiencing school can’t and move away from pathologising them as school refusers. We recommend using the terms school-related emotional stress/distress and school can’t to better capture the emotional impact of school-based stressors.

Keywordsschool attendance; school distress
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020390407. Inclusive education
390201. Education policy
Public Notes

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Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Southern Queensland
University of Queensland
Western Sydney University
School Can't Australia
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Make Visible: It's Ok To Be Me (Curatorial/Creative Portfolio)
Novak, Shannon, Mullens, Amy, Batorowicz, Beata, Bromdal, Annette, Taylor, Brodie, Mills-Kelly, Chris and Walker, Gwen. 2022. Make Visible: It's Ok To Be Me (Curatorial/Creative Portfolio). Toowoomba 21 Mar - 29 Apr 2022
Fostering Gender-IQ: Barriers and Enablers to Gender-affirming Behavior Amongst an Australian General Practitioner Cohort
Franks, Nia, Mullens, Amy, Aitken, Stuart and Bromdal, Annette. 2023. "Fostering Gender-IQ: Barriers and Enablers to Gender-affirming Behavior Amongst an Australian General Practitioner Cohort." Journal of Homosexuality. 70 (13), pp. 3247-3270. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2092804
Navigating intimate trans citizenship while incarcerated in Australia and the United States
Bromdal, Annette, Halliwell, Sherree, Sanders, Tait, Clark, Kirsty A., Gildersleeve, Jessica, Mullens, Amy B., Phillips, Tania M., Debattista, Joseph, du Plessis, Carol, Daken, Kirstie and Hughto, Jaclyn. 2023. "Navigating intimate trans citizenship while incarcerated in Australia and the United States." Feminism and Psychology. 33 (1), pp. 42-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/09593535221102224
Trans architecture and the prison as archive: 'don’t be a queen and you won’t be arrested'
Sanders, Tait, Gildersleeve, Jessica, Halliwell, Sherree, du Plessis, Carol, Clark, Kirsty A., Hughto, Jaclyn M. W., Mullens, Amy B., Phillips, Tania M., Daken, Kirstie and Bromdal, Annette. 2023. "Trans architecture and the prison as archive: 'don’t be a queen and you won’t be arrested'." Punishment and Society: the international journal of penology. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624745221087058
Victimization Within and Beyond the Prison Walls: A Latent Profile Analysis of Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults
Hughto, Jaclyn M. W., Clark, Kirsty A., Daken, Kirstie, Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy B., Sanders, Tait, Phillips, Tania, Mimiaga, Matthew J., Cahill, Sean, du Plessis, Carol, Gildersleeve, Jessica, Halliwell, Sherree D. and Reisner, Sari L.. 2022. "Victimization Within and Beyond the Prison Walls: A Latent Profile Analysis of Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults." Journal of Interpersonal Violence: concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence. 37 (23-24), pp. 23075-23106. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211073102
Mental health and quality of life outcomes of gender-affirming surgery: A systematic literature review
Swan, Jaime, Phillips, Tania M., Sanders, Tait, Mullens, Amy B., Debattista, Joseph and Bromdal, Annette. 2023. "Mental health and quality of life outcomes of gender-affirming surgery: A systematic literature review." Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health. 27 (1), pp. 2-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2021.2016537
Publishing in the academy: An arts-based, metaphorical reflection towards self-care
Barton, Georgina, Bromdal, Annette, Burke, Katie, Fanshawe, Melissa, Farwell, Vicki, Larsen, Ellen and Pillay, Yosheen. 2023. "Publishing in the academy: An arts-based, metaphorical reflection towards self-care." The Australian Educational Researcher. 50 (4), pp. 1105-1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-022-00547-y
Intersex awareness and education: what part can health and physical education bodies of learning and teaching play?
Hunter, Lisa, Zavros-Orr, Agli, Bromdal, Annette, Hand, Kirstine and Hart, Bonnie. 2023. "Intersex awareness and education: what part can health and physical education bodies of learning and teaching play?" Sport, Education and Society. 28 (9), pp. 1047-1067. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2022.2115477
‘Eligibility regulations for the female classification’: somatechnics, women’s bodies, and elite sport
Bromdal, Annette and Rasmussen, Mary Lou. 2022. "‘Eligibility regulations for the female classification’: somatechnics, women’s bodies, and elite sport." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 14 (2), pp. 239-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2022.2028878
Australian Teachers’ Perception of their Preparedness to Teach Traumatised Students: A Systematic Literature Review
Oberg, Glenys and Bryce, India. 2022. "Australian Teachers’ Perception of their Preparedness to Teach Traumatised Students: A Systematic Literature Review." Australian Journal of Teacher Education. 47 (2), pp. 76-101. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2022v47n2.6
A Critical Discourse Analysis of an Australian Incarcerated Trans Woman’s Letters of Complaint and Self-Advocacy
Halliwell, Sherree D., du Plessis, Carol, Hickey, Andrew, Gildersleeve, Jessica, Mullens, Amy B., Sanders, Tait, Clark, Kirsty A., Hughto, Jaclyn M. W., Debattista, Joseph, Phillips, Tania M., Daken, Kirstie and Bromdal, Annette. 2022. "A Critical Discourse Analysis of an Australian Incarcerated Trans Woman’s Letters of Complaint and Self-Advocacy." Ethos. 50 (2), pp. 208-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12343
Increasing our awareness of microaggressions in the educational context: An investigation into the experiences of Australian children with dyslexia and their parents
Leslie, Rachel. 2022. "Increasing our awareness of microaggressions in the educational context: An investigation into the experiences of Australian children with dyslexia and their parents ." Australian Association for Research in Education (AARE) 2022 Annual Conference. Adelaide, South Australia 27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022 Australia. Australian Association for Research in Education.
An emerging lens for understanding parental allyship: Why we need to challenge our understanding of experience with a conceptual lens on disability identity
Leslie, Rachel. 2022. "An emerging lens for understanding parental allyship: Why we need to challenge our understanding of experience with a conceptual lens on disability identity." Australian Association for Research in Education (AARE) 2022 Annual Conference. Adelaide, South Australia 27 Nov - 01 Dec 2022 Australia.
Safe Connection Toowoomba: Connecting and Supporting LGBTQIA+ Communities
Bromdal, Annette, Phillips, Tania, Sanders, Tait, Excell, Tarra, Mullens, Amy B and Lifeline Darling Downs and South West QLD Ltd. 2022. Safe Connection Toowoomba: Connecting and Supporting LGBTQIA+ Communities. Australia. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23857.25446
Beyond criticism of ethics review boards: strategies for engaging research communities and enhancing ethical review processes
Hickey, Andrew, Davis, Samantha, Farmer, Will, Dawidowicz, Julianna, Moloney, Clint, Lamont-Mills, Andrea, Carniel, Jess, Pillay, Yosheen, Akenson, David, Bromdal, Annette, Gehrmann, Richard, Mills, Dean, Kolbe-Alexander, Tracy, Machin, Tanya, Reich, Suzanne, Southey, Kim, Crowley-Cyr, Lynda, Watanabe, Taiji, Davenport, Josh, ..., Maxwell, Jacinta. 2021. "Beyond criticism of ethics review boards: strategies for engaging research communities and enhancing ethical review processes." Journal of Academic Ethics. 20, pp. 549-567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-021-09430-4
Towards a whole-school approach for sexuality education in supporting and upholding the rights and health of students with intersex variations
Bromdal, Annette, Zavross-Orr, Agli, Hunter, Lisa, Hand, Kirstine and Hart, Bonnie. 2021. "Towards a whole-school approach for sexuality education in supporting and upholding the rights and health of students with intersex variations." Sex Education. 21 (5), pp. 568-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2020.1864726
Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa, Quinlivan, Kathleen and Bromdal, Annette. 2017. "Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility." Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education. 38 (1), pp. 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2015.1104850
Competency, capability and professional identity: the case for advanced practice
Fergusson, Lee C., Bromdal, Annette, Gough, Murray and Mears, Stephen. 2020. "Competency, capability and professional identity: the case for advanced practice." Work Based Learning e-journal. 9 (1), pp. 95-131.
Questioning representations of athletes with elevated testosterone levels in elite women’s sports: a critical policy analysis
Bromdal, Annette, Olive, Rebecca and Walker, Brooke. 2020. "Questioning representations of athletes with elevated testosterone levels in elite women’s sports: a critical policy analysis." International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 12 (4), pp. 699-715. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1834432
'We don’t recognize transsexuals … and we’re not going to treat you': cruel and unusual and the lived experiences of transgender women in US prisons
Phillips, Tania, Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy, Gildersleeve, Jessica and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "'We don’t recognize transsexuals … and we’re not going to treat you': cruel and unusual and the lived experiences of transgender women in US prisons." Harmes, Marcus, Harmes, Meredith and Harmes, Barbara (ed.) The Palgrave handbook of incarceration in popular culture. Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 331-360
The Pedagogical Possibilities of Critically Examining Gender and Sexuality in Initial Teacher Education Through the Lens of Intersex
Bromdal, Annette and Davis, Ian. 2020. "The Pedagogical Possibilities of Critically Examining Gender and Sexuality in Initial Teacher Education Through the Lens of Intersex." van Rensburg, Henriette and O'Neill, Shirley (ed.) Inclusive Theory and Practice in Special Education. Hershey, United States. IGI Global. pp. 99-123
A Critical Investigation of Masculinity in Education: Using a Narrative Method
Davis, Ian and Bromdal, Annette. 2020. "A Critical Investigation of Masculinity in Education: Using a Narrative Method." van Rensburg, Henriette and O'Neill, Shirley (ed.) Inclusive Theory and Practice in Special Education. Hershey, United States. IGI Global. pp. 288-300
Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people
Bromdal, Annette, Clark, Kirsty A., Hughto, Jaclyn M. W., Debattista, Joseph, Phillips, Tania M., Mullens, Amy B., Gow, Jeff and Daken, Kirstie. 2019. "Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people." International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (4), pp. 341-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1651684
Memoirs and manifestos for early career researchers in gender and sexuality education research
Coll, Leanne, van Leent, Lisa and Bromdal, Annette. 2019. "Memoirs and manifestos for early career researchers in gender and sexuality education research." Jones, Tiffany, Coll, Leanne, van Leent, Lisa and Taylor, Yvette (ed.) Uplifting gender and sexuality education research. Cham, Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 279-302
Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa, Quinlivan, Kathleen and Bromdal, Annette. 2018. "Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility." Halse, Christine, Hartung, Catherine and Wright, Jan (ed.) Responsibility and responsibilisation in education. Abingdon, UK. Routledge. pp. 30-42
Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs: a systematic review
Mullens, Amy, Bromdal, Annette, Phillips, Tania and Gow, Jeff. 2018. "Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs: a systematic review." International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 25, p. S42.
Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: a systematic review
Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy B., Phillips, Tania M. and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: a systematic review." International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (1), pp. 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1538838
Lived experiences among transgender and gender diverse offenders and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs, and knowledge and attitudes among prison officers towards transgender and gender diverse prisoners, sexuality and HIV/STIs: protocol for a systematic review
Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy, Phillips, Tania and Gow, Jeff. 2017. "Lived experiences among transgender and gender diverse offenders and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs, and knowledge and attitudes among prison officers towards transgender and gender diverse prisoners, sexuality and HIV/STIs: protocol for a systematic review." PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. 18 Sept 2017.
In search of critical pedagogy in sexuality education: visions, imaginations, and paradoxes
Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2015. "In search of critical pedagogy in sexuality education: visions, imaginations, and paradoxes." Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies. 37 (1), pp. 53-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2015.988537
Intersex bodies in sexuality education: on the edge of cultural difference
Bromdal, Annette, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Allen, Louisa and Quinlivan, Kathleen. 2017. "Intersex bodies in sexuality education: on the edge of cultural difference." Allen, Louisa and Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) The Palgrave handbook of sexuality education. London, United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 369-390
Sexuality education in public schools in Australia and Aotearoa - New Zealand
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Allen, Louisa, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2016. "Sexuality education in public schools in Australia and Aotearoa - New Zealand." Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) Progressive sexuality education: the conceits of secularism. New York. Routledge. pp. 48-70
Who's afraid of sex at school? The politics of researching culture, religion and sexuality at school
Allen, Louisa, Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Aspin, Clive, Sanjakdar, Fida and Bromdal, Annette. 2012. "Who's afraid of sex at school? The politics of researching culture, religion and sexuality at school." International Journal of Research and Method in Education. 37 (1), pp. 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2012.754006
Meeting at the crossroads: re-conceptualising difference in research teams
Allen, Louisa, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Aspin, Clive, Sanjakdar, Fida, Bromdal, Annette and Rasmussen, Mary Lou. 2014. "Meeting at the crossroads: re-conceptualising difference in research teams." Qualitative Research Journal. 14 (2), pp. 119-133. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-08-2013-0047
Sexuality Education in Public Schools in Australia and Aotearoa New Zeeland
Rasmussen, Mary Lou, Sanjakdar, Fida, Quinlivan, Kathleen, Allen, Louisa, Bromdal, Annette and Aspin, Clive. 2016. "Sexuality Education in Public Schools in Australia and Aotearoa New Zeeland ." Rasmussen, Mary Lou (ed.) Progressive Sexuality Education: The Conceits of Secularism. New York. Routledge. pp. 48-70
(Un)Queering the Intersex Body in Elite Sports
Brömdal, Annette C.G.. 2011. "(Un)Queering the Intersex Body in Elite Sports ." Ramello, Stefano (ed.) Fascination of Queer. United Kingdom. Brill. pp. 23-34