Hydrothermal liquefaction: A promising technology for renewable energy and environmental clean-up applications

Article

Pham, Hong Duc, Shelley, Tristan, Burey, Paulomi Polly, Feldman, Jessica and Helwig, Andreas. 2025. "Hydrothermal liquefaction: A promising technology for renewable energy and environmental clean-up applications." Biomass and Bioenergy. 201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108151
Article Title

Hydrothermal liquefaction: A promising technology for renewable energy and environmental clean-up applications

ERA Journal ID3452
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsPham, Hong Duc, Shelley, Tristan, Burey, Paulomi Polly, Feldman, Jessica and Helwig, Andreas
Journal TitleBiomass and Bioenergy
Journal Citation201
Article Number108151
Number of Pages19
Year2025
PublisherElsevier
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN0961-9534
1873-2909
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108151
Web Address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953425005628
Abstract

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has emerged as an effective thermochemical technology that sustainably converts wet biomass into biocrude, which is the most significant precursor for renewable energy applications such as sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). It has also been deployed for addressing environmental challenges such as removing hazardous contaminants. The ultimate aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art HTL research, focusing on its potential applications in biocrude and environmental remediation. The review covers various biomass feedstocks, process parameters, and other aid-in methods underlying HTL. Key findings from recent studies are discussed, highlighting the efficiency of HTL in producing biocrude oil, higher heating value, and energy recovery. Likewise, the advantages and disadvantages of integrating HTL and anaerobic digestion with respect to addressing downstream waste are explored. The current studies and limitations of biocrude-based SAF have been updated. Furthermore, the review summarises the critical role of HTL in removing environmental pollutants (e.g., PFAS, microplastic, bioactive/organic contaminants, and heavy metals). Finally, a discussion of the challenges (e.g., the variability and inconsistency of the feedstock, process optimisation, biocrude quality, etc.) and future prospects for HTL technology, emphasising its role in promoting sustainable and clean energy solutions, will be concluded.

KeywordsHydrothermal liquefaction; Biocrude oil; Energy recovery; Sustainable aviation fuel; PFAS elimination; Microplastic treatment
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 20204004. Chemical engineering
401102. Environmentally sustainable engineering
Byline AffiliationsCentre for Future Materials (Research)
Centre for Future Materials (Operations)
Institute for Advanced Engineering and Space Sciences
School of Agriculture and Environmental Science
Centre for Future Materials
School of Engineering
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Feasibility study for developing an Indigenous branded range of beef products and services (Producer Innovation Fast-track)
Burey, P., Woodhead, A., Kille, T., Zhang, S., Miller, K., Babagolzadeh, M., Pfingst, Jason, Dunrobin, Kelvin, Gorringe, Max, Malone, Johnathon and Perkins, Ian. 2019. Feasibility study for developing an Indigenous branded range of beef products and services (Producer Innovation Fast-track). North Sydney, Australia. Meat & Livestock Australia.
Emerging technologies for extraction of bioactives and polysaccharides from tropical fruit waste
Mahale, Kiran R. and Burey, Paulomi (Polly). 2018. "Emerging technologies for extraction of bioactives and polysaccharides from tropical fruit waste." 2nd ISEKI Food Waste Recovery Workshop 2018. Stuttgart, Germany 03 - 05 Jul 2018
Low-dose curcumin nanoparticles normalise blood pressure in male Wistar rats with diet-induced metabolic syndrome
du Preez, Ryan, Pahl, Jessica, Arora, Meenakshi, Kumar, M. N. V. Ravi, Brown, Lindsay and Panchal, Sunil K.. 2019. "Low-dose curcumin nanoparticles normalise blood pressure in male Wistar rats with diet-induced metabolic syndrome." Nutrients. 11 (7), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071542
ASEAN high value add red meat opportunities
Woodhead, Alice, Zhang, Shane, Burey, Polly, Earl, Greg and Miller, Karen. 2018. ASEAN high value add red meat opportunities. North Sydney, Australia. Meat & Livestock Australia.
Curious Kids: how do tongues taste food?
Burey, Polly and Kennedy, Ursula. 2019. "Curious Kids: how do tongues taste food?" The Conversation.
CRC-P Next Generation Pultrusion Processes
Schubel, Peter, Zeng, Xuesen, Shelley, Tristan and Alajarmeh, Omar. 2019. CRC-P Next Generation Pultrusion Processes. Toowoomba. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/3a7c-va16
History and development of non-intrusive electrical testing and assessment of DC traction motor armature condition and reliability during overhaul
Helwig, A.. 1995. "History and development of non-intrusive electrical testing and assessment of DC traction motor armature condition and reliability during overhaul." IEE Machines and Drives Conference: Electrical Machines and Drives (1995). Durham, United Kingdom 01 - 13 Sep 1995 Durham, U.K..
Park your solar: Australia's largest solar car park
Helwig, Andreas, Logan, Alicia and Tranter, Mark. 2018. "Park your solar: Australia's largest solar car park." ReNew: Alternative Technology Association (National Magazine). January-March (142), pp. 56-58.
Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) system voltage support using four quadrant DSTATCOM
Mirazimiabarghouei, Seyed Javad, Ahfock, Tony and Helwig, Andreas. 2016. "Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) system voltage support using four quadrant DSTATCOM." 6th IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 2016): Empowering Technologies for Future Energy Sustainability. Melaka, Malaysia 28 - 29 Nov 2016 Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.1109/PECON.2016.7951564
Placement of Distribution STATic COMpensator (DSTATCOM) as voltage support equipment in Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) system
Mirazimiabarghouei, Seyed Javad, Ahfock, Tony and Helwig, Andreas. 2016. "Placement of Distribution STATic COMpensator (DSTATCOM) as voltage support equipment in Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) system." 6th IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 2016): Empowering Technologies for Future Energy Sustainability. Melaka, Malaysia 28 - 29 Nov 2016 https://doi.org/10.1109/PECON.2016.7951468
Applied Research in Energy Storage
Helwig, Andreas. 2016. "Applied Research in Energy Storage ." Jayaweera, Dilan (ed.) Smart power systems and renewable energy system integration. Switzerland. Springer. pp. 179-200
Possibilities for minimising sulphur hexafluoride use for HV switchgear asset renewal: an Australian case study
Marland, Michael and Helwig, Andreas. 2016. "Possibilities for minimising sulphur hexafluoride use for HV switchgear asset renewal: an Australian case study ." 26th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2016). Brisbane, Australia 25 - 28 Sep 2016 Brisbane, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2016.7749290
Energy management and automated analytics for reduction of energy consumption
Santarossa, Matthew, Das, Narottam, Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony. 2016. "Energy management and automated analytics for reduction of energy consumption." Saha, Tapan (ed.) 26th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2016). Brisbane, Australia 25 - 28 Sep 2016 Brisbane, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2016.7749315
SFRA transformer reliability engineering modelling for undergraduates
Kaur, Amrit Pal, Helwig, Andreas and Das, Narottam. 2016. "SFRA transformer reliability engineering modelling for undergraduates." Saha, Tapan (ed.) 26th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2016). Brisbane, Australia 25 - 28 Sep 2016 Brisbane, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2016.7749313
An overview of project Madagascar's tri-lingual education project development: 2005-2014
Helwig, Andreas, Ravoniharimanana, Masinavolana Lalaina and Andrianosoloniaina, Manitra J. Benjamin. 2014. "An overview of project Madagascar's tri-lingual education project development: 2005-2014." International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning. 9 (3), pp. 327-338.
A case study: is energy storage affordable for further Australian sustainable energy development?
Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony. 2015. "A case study: is energy storage affordable for further Australian sustainable energy development?" 25th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference 2015: Challenges for Future Grids (AUPEC 2015). Wollongong, Australia 27 - 30 Sep 2015 Wollongong, NSW, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2015.7324821
Extending SWER line capacity
Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony. 2013. "Extending SWER line capacity." 23rd Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2013). Hobart, Australia 29 Sep - 03 Oct 2013 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2013.6725427
Long-life nickel iron battery functionality/cost comparison for peak demand SWER network voltage support application
Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony. 2013. "Long-life nickel iron battery functionality/cost comparison for peak demand SWER network voltage support application." 23rd Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2013). Hobart, Australia 29 Sep - 03 Oct 2013 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2013.6725377
Application of wavelet parameters for impact damage detection in plates
Shelley, T. J. and Liew, C. K.. 2013. "Application of wavelet parameters for impact damage detection in plates." Key Engineering Materials. 558, pp. 12-24. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.558.12
Sizing nickel iron batteries for RAPS systems
Helwig, A. and Ahfock, A.. 2011. "Sizing nickel iron batteries for RAPS systems." 2011 IET Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG 2011) . Edinburgh, United Kingdom 06 - 08 Sep 2011 Stevenage, Herts. United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2011.0148
Ultra-capacitor assisted battery storage for remote area power supplies: a case study
Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony L.. 2009. "Ultra-capacitor assisted battery storage for remote area power supplies: a case study." Ertugrul, Nesimi (ed.) AUPEC 2009: Sustainable Energy Technologies and Systems. Adelaide, Australia 27 - 30 Sep 2009 Adelaide, Australia.
Confectionery Gels: A Review on Formulation, Rheological and Structural Aspects
Burey, P., Bhandari, B.R., Rutgers, R.P.G., Halley, P.J. and Torley, P.J.. 2009. "Confectionery Gels: A Review on Formulation, Rheological and Structural Aspects ." International Journal of Food Properties. 12 (1), pp. 176-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910802223404
Hydrocolloid Gel Particles: Formation, Characterization, and Application
Burey, P., Bhandari, B. R., Howes, T. and Gidley, M. J.. 2008. "Hydrocolloid Gel Particles: Formation, Characterization, and Application ." Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 48 (5), pp. 361-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390701347801