Characterisation of Curing of Vinyl Ester Resin in an Industrial Pultrusion Process: Influence of Die Temperature
Article
Chaparala, Sai Ajay Chandra, Alajarmeh, Omar, Shelley, Tristan, Zeng, Xuesen, Rendle-Short, Kendric, Voice, Dean and Schubel, Peter. 2023. "Characterisation of Curing of Vinyl Ester Resin in an Industrial Pultrusion Process: Influence of Die Temperature." Polymers. 15 (18). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183808
| Article Title | Characterisation of Curing of Vinyl Ester Resin in an Industrial Pultrusion Process: Influence of Die Temperature |
|---|---|
| ERA Journal ID | 201391 |
| Article Category | Article |
| Authors | Chaparala, Sai Ajay Chandra, Alajarmeh, Omar, Shelley, Tristan, Zeng, Xuesen, Rendle-Short, Kendric, Voice, Dean and Schubel, Peter |
| Journal Title | Polymers |
| Journal Citation | 15 (18) |
| Number of Pages | 16 |
| Year | 2023 |
| Publisher | MDPI AG |
| Place of Publication | Switzerland |
| ISSN | 2073-4360 |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183808 |
| Web Address (URL) | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/18/3808 |
| Abstract | Pultrusion is a high-volume manufacturing process for Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites. It requires careful tuning and optimisation of process parameters to obtain the maximum production rate. The present work focuses on the correlation between the set die temperatures of 80 °C, 100 °C, 120 °C, and 140 °C and the resin cure state at constant pull speeds. Lab-scale oven trials were conducted to understand the thermal behaviour of the resin system and to provide a temperature range for the pultrusion trials. Dielectric Analysis (DEA) was used during pultrusion trials to monitor the effect of die temperature on the cure progression. The DEA results showed that, by increasing die temperature, the exothermic peak shifts closer towards the die entry. Moreover, the degree of cure for samples processed at 140 °C was 97.7%, in comparison to 86.2% for those cured at 100 °C. The rate of conversion and the degree of cure correspond directly to the set die temperatures of the pultrusion trials, contributing to understanding the effect of die temperature on cure progression. Mechanical and thermal material properties were measured. Samples cured at 120 °C showed the highest mechanical performance, exceeding those cured at 140 °C, linked to the generation of higher internal stress due to the higher rate of conversion. This work can be used as a guide for pultruded composite sections, to understand the cure behaviour of resin systems under various applied temperatures and the impact of the die temperature conditions on thermal and mechanical properties. |
| Keywords | cure behaviour; pultrusion; mechanical and thermal properties; permittivity and ion viscosity; exothermic reaction; cure behaviour; DEA |
| Related Output | |
| Is part of | Resin Curing Performance Analysis and Improvement of an Industrial Pultrusion Process |
| Contains Sensitive Content | Does not contain sensitive content |
| ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 401602. Composite and hybrid materials |
| Public Notes | This article is part of a UniSQ Thesis by publication. See Related Output. |
| Byline Affiliations | Centre for Future Materials |
| Institute for Advanced Engineering and Space Sciences | |
| Centre for Future Materials (Research) | |
| Wagners Composite Fibre Technologies, Australia | |
| Allnex Composites, Australia |
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Alhawamdeh, Mohammad, Alajarmeh, Omar, Aravinthan, Thiru, Shelley, Tristan, Schubel, Peter, Kemp, Michael and Zeng, Xuesen. 2021. "Modelling hollow pultruded FRP profiles under axial compression: Local buckling and progressive failure." Composite Structures. 262, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113650Tensile Fatigue Behavior of Polyester and Vinyl Ester Based GFRP Laminates—A Comparative Evaluation
Ferdous, Wahid, Manalo, Allan, Yu, Peng, Salih, Choman, Abousnina, Rajab, Heyer, Tom and Schubel, Peter. 2021. "Tensile Fatigue Behavior of Polyester and Vinyl Ester Based GFRP Laminates—A Comparative Evaluation." Polymers. 13 (3), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13030386Behaviour of continuous fibre composite sandwich core under low-velocity impact
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Manalo, A.C., Alajarmeh, O., Cooper, D., Sorbello, C. D., Weerakoon, S. Z. and Benmokrane, B.. 2020. "Manufacturing and structural performance of glass-fiber-reinforced precast-concrete boat ramp planks." Structures. 28, pp. 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.08.041Self-healing polymers: Synthesis methods and applications
Reddy, Kakarla Raghava, El-Zein, Abbas, Airey, David W., Alonso-Marroquin, Fernando, Schubel, Peter and Manalo, Allan. 2020. "Self-healing polymers: Synthesis methods and applications." Nano-Structures and Nano-Objects. 23, pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2020.100500Comparative durability of GFRP composite reinforcing bars in concrete and in simulated concrete environments
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Ferdous, Wahid, Manalo, Allan, Alajarmeh, Omar, Mohammed, Ali A., Salih, Choman, Yu, Peng, Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, Mojdeh and Schubel, Peter. 2021. "Static behaviour of glass fibre reinforced novel composite sleepers for mainline railway track." Engineering Structures. 229, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111627Design considerations for prefabricated composite jackets for structural repair: Parametric investigation and case study
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Xiao, Xueliang, Long, Andrew, Qian, Kun, Zeng, Xuesen and Hua, Tao. 2017. "Through-thickness permeability of woven fabric under increasing air pressure: theoretical framework and simulation." Textile Research Journal. 87 (13), pp. 1631-1642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517516657062Influence of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Mechanical Properties and Adhesive Wear Performance of Epoxy-Based Composites
Eayal Awwad, K. Y., Yousif, B. F., Fallahnezhad, Khosro, Saleh, Khalid and Zeng, Xuesen. 2021. "Influence of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Mechanical Properties and Adhesive Wear Performance of Epoxy-Based Composites." Friction. 9 (4), pp. 856-875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0453-5Compressive behavior of hollow concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars
Alajarmeh, Omar Saleh Awad. 2020. Compressive behavior of hollow concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/21yk-ne68Modelling squeeze flow of viscous polymer melts
Shelley, Tristan, Liu, Xiaolin, Viedt, Martin, Heitzmann, Michael and Paton, Rowan. 2014. "Modelling squeeze flow of viscous polymer melts." Oñate, E., Oliver, J. and Huerta, A. (ed.) 11th World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM XI), 5th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM V), 6th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD VI). Barcelona, Spain 20 - 25 Jul 2014A study on rapid forming of aerospace stiffeners
Shelley, Tristan J,, Dickinson, Calum P. M., Tew, Hannah and Scaife, Richard J.. 2018. "A study on rapid forming of aerospace stiffeners." SAMPE Europe - Conference Southamphon 2018. Southampton, United Kingdom 11 - 13 Sep 2018 United Kingdom.Effect of fibre architecture on tensile pull-off behaviour of 3D woven composite T-joints
Yan, Shibo, Zeng, Xuesen and Long, Andrew. 2020. "Effect of fibre architecture on tensile pull-off behaviour of 3D woven composite T-joints." Composite Structures. 242, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112194A New Design-Oriented Model of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Reinforced Hollow Concrete Columns
Alajarmeh, O. S., Manalo, A. C., Benmokrane, B., Karunasena, W., Ferdous, W. and Mendis, P.. 2020. "A New Design-Oriented Model of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Reinforced Hollow Concrete Columns." ACI Structural Journal. 117 (2), pp. 141-156. https://doi.org/10.14359/51720204Behavior of circular concrete columns reinforced with hollow composite sections and GFRP bars
Alajarmeh, Omar, Manalo, Allan, Benmokrane, Brahim, Ferdous, Wahid, Mohammed, Ali, Abousnina, Rajab, Elchalakani, Mohamed and Edoo, Azam. 2020. "Behavior of circular concrete columns reinforced with hollow composite sections and GFRP bars." Marine Structures. 72, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2020.102785Testing and modelling the fatigue behaviour of GFRP composites – Effect of stress level, stress concentration and frequency
Ferdous, Wahid, Manalo, Allan, Peauril, Joshua, Salih, Choman, Reddy, Kakarla Raghava, Yu, Peng, Schubel, Peter and Heyer, Tom. 2020. "Testing and modelling the fatigue behaviour of GFRP composites – Effect of stress level, stress concentration and frequency." Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 23 (5), pp. 1223-1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2020.01.001Flexural behaviour of concrete slabs reinforced with GFRP bars and hollow composite reinforcing systems
Al-Rubaye, Mohammed, Manalo, Allan, Alajarmeh, Omar, Ferdous, Wahid, Lokuge, Weena, Benmokrane, Brahim and Edoo, Azam. 2020. "Flexural behaviour of concrete slabs reinforced with GFRP bars and hollow composite reinforcing systems." Composite Structures. 236, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111836