Geometric modeling of 3D woven preforms in composite T-joints

Article

Yan, Shibo, Zeng, Xuesen, Brown, Louise and Long, Andrew. 2018. "Geometric modeling of 3D woven preforms in composite T-joints." Textile Research Journal. 88 (16), pp. 1862-1875. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517517712098
Article Title

Geometric modeling of 3D woven preforms in composite T-joints

ERA Journal ID3629
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsYan, Shibo (Author), Zeng, Xuesen (Author), Brown, Louise (Author) and Long, Andrew (Author)
Journal TitleTextile Research Journal
Journal Citation88 (16), pp. 1862-1875
Number of Pages14
Year2018
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN0040-5175
1746-7748
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517517712098
Web Address (URL)https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0040517517712098
Abstract

A common method to fabricate net-shaped three-dimensional (3D) woven preforms for composite T-joints is to weave flat 3D preforms via a standard weaving machine with variation in binder yarn path and then separate the preform in the form of a bifurcation. Folding introduces fiber architecture deformation at the 3D woven bifurcation area. In this paper, a geometric modeling approach is proposed to represent the realistic fiber architecture, as a preprocessor for finite element analyses to predict composite structural performance. Supported by X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT), three important deformation mechanisms are observed including yarn stack shifting, cross-section bending, and cross-section flattening resulting from the folding process. Furthermore, a set of mathematical formulae for simulation of the deformations in the junction region are developed and satisfactory agreement is observed when compared with μCT scan results.

KeywordsT-joint; 3D woven fabrics; geometric modeling; deformation
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020401605. Functional materials
Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Nottingham, United Kingdom
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q4481/geometric-modeling-of-3d-woven-preforms-in-composite-t-joints

Log in to edit

Download files

Published Version
0040517517712098.pdf
License: CC BY 4.0
File access level: Anyone

  • 1005
    total views
  • 156
    total downloads
  • 2
    views this month
  • 3
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Effects of through-thickness dielectric sensor on carbon fibre epoxy cure monitoring
Hall, Molly, Zeng, Xuesen, Shelley, Tristan and Schubel, Peter. 2024. "Effects of through-thickness dielectric sensor on carbon fibre epoxy cure monitoring." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108168
Stochastic modelling of out-of-autoclave epoxy composite cure cycles under uncertainty
Hall, Molly, Zeng, Xuesen, Shelley, Tristan and Schubel, Peter. 2024. "Stochastic modelling of out-of-autoclave epoxy composite cure cycles under uncertainty." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108110
Formation of non-uniform fibre distribution and its effect on the flexural performance of pultruded GFRP box beams
Qi, Songming, Alajarmeh, Omar, Alhawamdeh, Mohammad, Shelley, Tristan, Schubel, Peter, Rendle-Short, Kendric and Zeng, Xuesen. 2024. "Formation of non-uniform fibre distribution and its effect on the flexural performance of pultruded GFRP box beams." Composite Structures. 327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117695
Finite element analysis and experimental validation of polymer–metal contacts in block-on-ring configuration
Awwad, K. Y. Eayal, Fallahnezhad, Khosro, Yousif, B. F., Mostafa, Ahmad, Alajarmeh, Omar, Shalwan, A. and Zeng, Xuesen. 2024. "Finite element analysis and experimental validation of polymer–metal contacts in block-on-ring configuration." Friction. 12 (3), pp. 554-568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0795-x
Dielectric parameter independent curing analysis of out-of-autoclave carbon fibre/epoxy composites
Hall, Molly, Zeng, Xuesen, Shelley, Tristan and Schubel, Peter. 2023. "Dielectric parameter independent curing analysis of out-of-autoclave carbon fibre/epoxy composites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107755
Characterisation of Curing of Vinyl Ester Resin in an Industrial Pultrusion Process: Influence of Die Temperature
Chaparala, Sai Ajay Chandra, Alajarmeh, Omar, Shelley, Tristan, Zeng, Xuesen, Rendle-Short, Kendric, Voice, Dean and Schubel, Peter. 2023. "Characterisation of Curing of Vinyl Ester Resin in an Industrial Pultrusion Process: Influence of Die Temperature." Polymers. 15 (18). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183808
Fatigue behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced pultruded composites with high volume fiber fraction
Alajarmeh, Omar, Manalo, Allan, Ferdous, Wahid, Almasabha, Ghassan, Tarawneh, Ahmad, Awwad, Khaled Eayal, Safonov, Alexander, Zeng, Xuesen and Schubel, Peter. 2023. "Fatigue behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced pultruded composites with high volume fiber fraction." Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures. 46 (6), pp. 2034-2048. https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13979
Formation of non-uniform fibre distributions in winding-pultrusion process and its effect on axial compressive properties of hollow GFRP profiles
Qi, Songming, Alajarmeh, Omar, Shelley, Tristan, Schubel, Peter, Rendle-Short, Kendric and Zeng, Xuesen. 2023. "Formation of non-uniform fibre distributions in winding-pultrusion process and its effect on axial compressive properties of hollow GFRP profiles ." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107659
A Schiff base-coated ammonia polyphosphate for improving thermal and fire-retardant properties of unsaturated polyester
Zhang, Jianzhong, Fang, Yang, Zhang, Anlin, Yu, Youming, Liu, Lina, Huo, Siqi, Zeng, Xuesen, Peng, Hong and Song, Pingan. 2023. "A Schiff base-coated ammonia polyphosphate for improving thermal and fire-retardant properties of unsaturated polyester." Progress in Organic Coatings. 185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107910
Engineering phosphorus-containing lignin for epoxy biocomposites with enhanced thermal stability, fire retardancy and mechanical properties
Zhang, Anlin, Zhang, Jianzhong, Liu, Lina, Dai, Jinfeng, Lu, Xinyu, Huo, Siqi, Hong, Min, Liu, Xiaohuan, Lynch, Mark, Zeng, Xuesen, Burey, Paulomi and Song, Pingan. 2023. "Engineering phosphorus-containing lignin for epoxy biocomposites with enhanced thermal stability, fire retardancy and mechanical properties." Journal of Materials Science and Technology. 167, pp. 82-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2023.06.004
An iron phenylphosphinate@graphene oxide nanohybrid enabled flame-retardant, mechanically reinforced, and thermally conductive epoxy nanocomposites
Chen, Qiang, Liu, Lei, Zhang, Anlin, Wang, Wenduo, Wang, Zhengzhou, Zhang, Jianzhong, Feng, Jiabing, Huo, Siqi, Zeng, Xuesen and Song, Pingan. 2023. "An iron phenylphosphinate@graphene oxide nanohybrid enabled flame-retardant, mechanically reinforced, and thermally conductive epoxy nanocomposites." Chemical Engineering Journal. 454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140424
Tribological and mechanical performances of newly developed eco-epoxy composites incorporating flax fibres and graphene nanoplatelets
Awwad, KY Eayal, Yousif, BF, Mostafa, Ahmad, Alajarmeh, Omar and Zeng, Xuesen. 2023. "Tribological and mechanical performances of newly developed eco-epoxy composites incorporating flax fibres and graphene nanoplatelets." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 42 (17-18), p. 939–952. https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844221143451
Fibre waviness characterisation and modelling by Filtered Canny Misalignment Analysis (FCMA)
Alajarmeh, Omar, Qi, Songming, Shelley, Tristan, Schubel, Peter, Rendle-Short, Kendric and Zeng, Xuesen. 2023. "Fibre waviness characterisation and modelling by Filtered Canny Misalignment Analysis (FCMA)." Composite Structures. 307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.116666
Design optimisation of hollow box pultruded FRP profiles using mixed integer constrained Genetic algorithm
Alhawamdeh, Mohammad, Alajarmeh, Omar, Aravinthan, Thiru, Shelley, Tristan, Schubel, Peter, Mohammed, Ali and Zeng, Xuesen. 2022. "Design optimisation of hollow box pultruded FRP profiles using mixed integer constrained Genetic algorithm." Composite Structures. 302, pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116247
In situ Thermoset Cure Sensing: A Review of Correlation Methods
Hall, Molly, Zeng, Xuesen, Shelley, Tristan and Schubel, Peter. 2022. "In situ Thermoset Cure Sensing: A Review of Correlation Methods." Polymers. 14 (15), pp. 1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14152978
Influence of post-processing on the compressive behaviour of full-scale pultruded FRP columns: Holes and inserts
Alajarmeh, Omar, Alhawamdeh, Mohammad, Shelley, Tristan, Mohammed, Ali, Nicol, Lachlan, Schubel, Peter and Zeng, Xuesen. 2022. "Influence of post-processing on the compressive behaviour of full-scale pultruded FRP columns: Holes and inserts." Engineering Structures. 266, pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114547
Review on Local Buckling of Hollow Box FRP Profiles in Civil Structural Applications
Alhawamdeh, Mohammad, Alajarmeh, Omar, Aravinthan, Thiru, Shelley, Tristan, Schubel, Peter, Mohammed, Ali and Zeng, Xuesen. 2021. "Review on Local Buckling of Hollow Box FRP Profiles in Civil Structural Applications." Polymers. 13 (23), pp. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234159
Compression behavior of GFRP bars under elevated In-Service temperatures
Alajarmeh, Omar, Manalo, Allan, Benmokrane, Brahim, Schubel, Peter, Zeng, Xuesen, Ahmad, Afaq, Hassanli, Reza and Sorbello, Charles-Dean. 2022. "Compression behavior of GFRP bars under elevated In-Service temperatures." Construction and Building Materials. 314 (Part A). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125675
Compressive behaviour of hollow box pultruded FRP columns with continuous-wound fibres
Alajarmeh, Omar, Zeng, Xuesen, Aravinthan, Thiru, Shelley, Tristan, Alhawamdeh, Mohammad, Mohammed, Ali, Nicol, Lachlan, Vedernikov, Alexander, Safonov, Alexander and Schubel, Peter. 2021. "Compressive behaviour of hollow box pultruded FRP columns with continuous-wound fibres." Thin-Walled Structures. 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.108300
Modelling flexural performance of hollow pultruded FRP profiles
Alhawamdeh, Mohammad, Alajarmeh, Omar, Aravinthan, Thiru, Shelley, Tristan, Schubel, Peter, Mohammad, Ali and Zeng, Xuesen. 2021. "Modelling flexural performance of hollow pultruded FRP profiles." Composite Structures. 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114553
Modelling hollow pultruded FRP profiles under axial compression: Local buckling and progressive failure
Alhawamdeh, Mohammad, Alajarmeh, Omar, Aravinthan, Thiru, Shelley, Tristan, Schubel, Peter, Kemp, Michael and Zeng, Xuesen. 2021. "Modelling hollow pultruded FRP profiles under axial compression: Local buckling and progressive failure." Composite Structures. 262, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113650
Through-thickness permeability of woven fabric under increasing air pressure: theoretical framework and simulation
Xiao, Xueliang, Long, Andrew, Qian, Kun, Zeng, Xuesen and Hua, Tao. 2017. "Through-thickness permeability of woven fabric under increasing air pressure: theoretical framework and simulation." Textile Research Journal. 87 (13), pp. 1631-1642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517516657062
Influence of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Mechanical Properties and Adhesive Wear Performance of Epoxy-Based Composites
Eayal Awwad, K. Y., Yousif, B. F., Fallahnezhad, Khosro, Saleh, Khalid and Zeng, Xuesen. 2021. "Influence of Graphene Nanoplatelets on Mechanical Properties and Adhesive Wear Performance of Epoxy-Based Composites." Friction. 9 (4), pp. 856-875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0453-5
Effect of fibre architecture on tensile pull-off behaviour of 3D woven composite T-joints
Yan, Shibo, Zeng, Xuesen and Long, Andrew. 2020. "Effect of fibre architecture on tensile pull-off behaviour of 3D woven composite T-joints." Composite Structures. 242, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112194
Meso-scale modelling of 3D woven composite T-joints with weave variations
Yan, Shibo, Zeng, Xuesen and Long, Andrew. 2019. "Meso-scale modelling of 3D woven composite T-joints with weave variations." Composites Science and Technology. 171, pp. 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.12.024
Modelling compaction variability in out-of-autoclave prepreg laminate
Bontch-Osmolovskaia, Daria, Zeng, Xuesen, Callus, Paul, Rider, Andrew, Chang, Paul and Schubel, Peter. 2019. "Modelling compaction variability in out-of-autoclave prepreg laminate." 22nd International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM-22). Melbourne, Australia 11 - 16 Aug 2019 Australia.
CRC-P Next Generation Pultrusion Processes
Schubel, Peter, Zeng, Xuesen, Shelley, Tristan and Alajarmeh, Omar. 2019. CRC-P Next Generation Pultrusion Processes. Toowoomba. https://doi.org/10.26192/3a7c-va16
Experimental assessment of the mechanical behaviour of 3D woven composite T-joints
Yan, Shibo, Zeng, Xuesen and Long, Andrew. 2018. "Experimental assessment of the mechanical behaviour of 3D woven composite T-joints." Composites Part B: Engineering. 154, pp. 108-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.08.007
Three-dimensional woven carbon fibre polymer composite beams and plates under ballistic impact
Turner, Paul, Liu, Tao, Zeng, Xuesen and Brown, Kevin. 2018. "Three-dimensional woven carbon fibre polymer composite beams and plates under ballistic impact." Composite Structures. 185, pp. 483-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.10.091
Effect of yarn cross-sectional shape on resin flow through inter-yarn gaps in textile reinforcements
Endruweit, A., Zeng, X., Matveev, M. and Long, A. C.. 2018. "Effect of yarn cross-sectional shape on resin flow through inter-yarn gaps in textile reinforcements." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 104, pp. 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.10.020
Effect of specimen history on structure and in-plane permeability of woven fabrics
Zeng, X., Endruweit, A. and Long, A. C.. 2015. "Effect of specimen history on structure and in-plane permeability of woven fabrics." Journal of Composite Materials. 49 (13), pp. 1563-1578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998314536070
Modelling VARTM process induced variations on bending performance of composite Omega beams
Zeng, Xuesen, Schubel, Peter and Lorrillard, Julien. 2016. "Modelling VARTM process induced variations on bending performance of composite Omega beams." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 90, pp. 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.08.004
Collapse of 3D orthogonal woven carbon fibre composites under in-plane tension/compression and out-of-plane bending
Turner, P., Liu, T. and Zeng, X.. 2016. "Collapse of 3D orthogonal woven carbon fibre composites under in-plane tension/compression and out-of-plane bending." Composite Structures. 142, pp. 286-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.100
An analytical model for through-thickness permeability of woven fabric
Xiao, Xueliang, Zeng, Xuesen, Long, Andrew, Lin, Hua, Clifford, Michael and Saldaeva, Elena. 2012. "An analytical model for through-thickness permeability of woven fabric." Textile Research Journal. 82 (5), pp. 492-501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517511414979
Experimental study of dynamic air permeability for woven fabrics
Xiao, Xueliang, Zeng, Xuesen, Bandara, Palitha and Long, Andrew. 2012. "Experimental study of dynamic air permeability for woven fabrics." Textile Research Journal. 82 (9), pp. 920-930. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517511429605
Through-thickness permeability modelling of woven fabric under out-of-plane deformation
Xiao, Xueliang, Long, Andrew and Zeng, Xuesen. 2014. "Through-thickness permeability modelling of woven fabric under out-of-plane deformation." Journal of Materials Science. 49 (21), pp. 7563-7574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8465-z
Geometrical modelling of 3D woven reinforcements for polymer composites: prediction of fabric permeability and composite mechanical properties
Zeng, Xuesen, Brown, Louise P., Endruweit, Andreas, Matveev, Mikhail and Long, Andrew C.. 2014. "Geometrical modelling of 3D woven reinforcements for polymer composites: prediction of fabric permeability and composite mechanical properties." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 56, pp. 150-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.10.004
Through-thickness air permeability of woven fabric under low pressure compression
Xiao, Xueliang, Hu, Jinlian, Hua, Tao, Zeng, Xuesen and Long, Andrew. 2015. "Through-thickness air permeability of woven fabric under low pressure compression." Textile Research Journal. 85 (16), pp. 1732-1742. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517515569526
Through-thickness permeability study of orthogonal and angle-interlock woven fabrics
Xiao, Xueliang, Endruweit, Andreas, Zeng, Xuesen, Hu, Jinlian and Long, Andrew. 2015. "Through-thickness permeability study of orthogonal and angle-interlock woven fabrics." Journal of Materials Science. 50 (3), pp. 1257-1266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8683-4
Assessing the effect of fibre extraction processes on the strength of flax fibre reinforcement
Zeng, Xuesen, Mooney, Sacha J. and Sturrock, Craig J.. 2015. "Assessing the effect of fibre extraction processes on the strength of flax fibre reinforcement." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 70, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.12.004
Numerical prediction of in-plane permeability for multilayer woven fabrics with manufacture-induced deformation
Zeng, Xuesen, Endruweit, Andreas, Brown, Louise P. and Long, Andrew C.. 2015. "Numerical prediction of in-plane permeability for multilayer woven fabrics with manufacture-induced deformation." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 77, pp. 266-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.03.027
Dynamic response of orthogonal three-dimensional woven carbon composite beams under soft impact
Turner, P., Liu, T. and Zeng, X.. 2015. "Dynamic response of orthogonal three-dimensional woven carbon composite beams under soft impact." Journal of Applied Mechanics. 82 (12). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031455
Transverse permeability of dry fiber preforms manufactured by automated fiber placement
Aziz, A. R., Ali, M. A., Zeng, X., Umer, R., Schubel, P. and Cantwell, W. J.. 2017. "Transverse permeability of dry fiber preforms manufactured by automated fiber placement." Composites Science and Technology. 152, pp. 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.09.011
Automated geometric modelling of textile structures
Lin, Hua, Zeng, Xuesen, Sherburn, Martin, Long, Andrew C. and Clifford, Mike J.. 2011. "Automated geometric modelling of textile structures." Textile Research Journal. 82 (16), pp. 1689-1702. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517511418562
Influence of boundary conditions on the ballistic performance of high-strength fabric targets
Zeng, X. S., Shim, V. P. W. and Tan, V. B. C.. 2006. "Influence of boundary conditions on the ballistic performance of high-strength fabric targets ." International Journal of Impact Engineering. 2 (1-4), pp. 631-642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.06.011
Modelling inter-yarn friction in woven fabric armour
Zeng, X. S., Tan, V. B. C. and Shim, V. P. W.. 2006. "Modelling inter-yarn friction in woven fabric armour." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering. 66 (8), pp. 1309-1330. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1596
Multiscale modeling of polymers – the pseudo amorphous cell
Tan, V. B. C., Zeng, X. S., Deng, M., Lim, K. M. and Tay, T. E.. 2008. "Multiscale modeling of polymers – the pseudo amorphous cell." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 197 (6-8), pp. 536-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2007.08.006
Multiscale modeling of combined deterministic and stochastic fabric non-uniformity for realistic resin injection simulation
Endruweit, A., Zeng, X. and Long, A. C .. 2014. "Multiscale modeling of combined deterministic and stochastic fabric non-uniformity for realistic resin injection simulation ." Advanced Manufacturing: Polymer & Composites Science. 1 (1), pp. 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1179/2055035914Y.0000000002
Advanced geometry modelling for 3D woven fabrics in composites processing and performance analysis
Zeng, Xuesen, Brown, Louise P., Endruweit, Andreas, Matveev, Mikhail and Long, Andrew C.. 2013. "Advanced geometry modelling for 3D woven fabrics in composites processing and performance analysis." JEC Composites Magazine. 50 (82), pp. 55-60.
Large deformation modelling of tight woven fabric under high air pressure
Xiao, Xueliang, Long, Andrew, Lin, Hua and Zeng, Xuesen. 2015. "Large deformation modelling of tight woven fabric under high air pressure." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics. 10 (1), pp. 63-74.
Understanding the buckling behaviour of steered tows in automated dry fibre placement (ADFP)
Matveev, M. Y., Schubel, P. J., Long, A. C. and Jones, I. A.. 2016. "Understanding the buckling behaviour of steered tows in automated dry fibre placement (ADFP)." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 90, pp. 451-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.08.014
Automated Finite Element Modelling of 3D Woven Textiles
Zeng, X. S., Long, A. C., Clifford, M. J., Iniotakis, C., Probst-Schendzielorz, S. and Schmitt, M. W.. 2010. "Automated Finite Element Modelling of 3D Woven Textiles." 3rd World Conference on 3D Fabrics and their Applications. 20 - 21 Apr 2011
CFD Flow Simulation for Impregnation of 3D Woven Reinforcements
Zeng, X., Endruweit, A., Long, A. C. and Clifford, M. J.. 2010. "CFD Flow Simulation for Impregnation of 3D Woven Reinforcements." International Conference on Textile Composites (TEXCOMP). United States. IOP Publishing.
Characterizing and constitutive modelling of aramid fibres at high strain rates
Tan, V. B. C., Zeng, X. S. and Shim, V. P. W.. 2008. "Characterizing and constitutive modelling of aramid fibres at high strain rates ." International Journal of Impact Engineering. 35 (11), pp. 1303-1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.07.010
Modelling crimp in woven fabrics subjected to ballistic impact
Tan, V. B. C., Shim, V. P. W. and Zeng, X.. 2005. "Modelling crimp in woven fabrics subjected to ballistic impact." International Journal of Impact Engineering. 32 (1-4), pp. 561-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.06.008