Time-efficient intervention to improve older adolescents’ cardiorespiratory fitness: findings from the ‘Burn 2 Learn’ cluster randomised controlled trial

Article


Lubans, David R., Smith, Jordan J., Eather, Narelle, Leahy, Angus A., Morgan, Philip J., Lonsdale, Chris, Plotnikoff, Roland C., Nilsson, Michael, Kennedy, Sarah G., Holliday, Elizabeth G., Weaver, Natasha, Noetel, Michael, Shigeta, Tatsuya T., Mavilidi, Myrto F., Valkenborghs, Sarah R., Gyawali, Prajwal, Walker, Frederick R., Costigan, Sarah A. and Hillman, Charles H.. 2021. "Time-efficient intervention to improve older adolescents’ cardiorespiratory fitness: findings from the ‘Burn 2 Learn’ cluster randomised controlled trial." British Journal of Sports Medicine. 55 (13), pp. 751-758. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103277
Article Title

Time-efficient intervention to improve older adolescents’ cardiorespiratory fitness: findings from the ‘Burn 2 Learn’ cluster randomised controlled trial

ERA Journal ID9744
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsLubans, David R. (Author), Smith, Jordan J. (Author), Eather, Narelle (Author), Leahy, Angus A. (Author), Morgan, Philip J. (Author), Lonsdale, Chris (Author), Plotnikoff, Roland C. (Author), Nilsson, Michael (Author), Kennedy, Sarah G. (Author), Holliday, Elizabeth G. (Author), Weaver, Natasha (Author), Noetel, Michael (Author), Shigeta, Tatsuya T. (Author), Mavilidi, Myrto F. (Author), Valkenborghs, Sarah R. (Author), Gyawali, Prajwal (Author), Walker, Frederick R. (Author), Costigan, Sarah A. (Author) and Hillman, Charles H. (Author)
Journal TitleBritish Journal of Sports Medicine
Journal Citation55 (13), pp. 751-758
Number of Pages9
Year2021
PublisherBMJ
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN0306-3674
1473-0480
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103277
Web Address (URL)https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/early/2020/12/20/bjsports-2020-103277
Abstract

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important marker of current and future health status. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of a time-efficient school-based intervention on older adolescents’ CRF.

Methods: Two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial conducted in two cohorts (February 2018 to February 2019 and February 2019 to February 2020) in New South Wales, Australia. Participants (N=670, 44.6% women, 16.0±0.43 years) from 20 secondary schools: 10 schools (337 participants) were randomised to the Burn 2 Learn (B2L) intervention and 10 schools (333 participants) to the control. Teachers in schools allocated to the B2L intervention were provided with training, resources, and support to facilitate the delivery of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) activity breaks during curriculum time. Teachers and students in the control group continued their usual practice. The primary outcome was CRF (20 m multi-stage fitness test). Secondary outcomes were muscular fitness, physical activity, hair cortisol concentrations, mental health and cognitive function. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 6 months (primary end-point) and 12 months. Effects were estimated using mixed models accounting for clustering.

Results: We observed a group-by-time effect for CRF (difference=4.1 laps, 95% CI 1.8 to 6.4) at the primary end-point (6 months), but not at 12 months. At 6 months, group-by-time effects were found for muscular fitness, steps during school hours and cortisol.

Conclusions: Implementing HIIT during curricular time improved adolescents’ CRF and several secondary outcomes. Our findings suggest B2L is unlikely to be an effective approach unless teachers embed sessions within the school day.

Trial registration number: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618000293268).

Keywordsaerobic fitness; exercise; intervention effectiveness; physical activity; physical fitness
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020420702. Exercise physiology
Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Newcastle
Australian Catholic University
Northeastern University, United States
School of Health and Wellbeing
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Can We Use 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride-Stained Brain Slices for Other Purposes? The Application of Western Blotting
Sanchez-Bezanilla, Sonia, Nilsson, Michael, Walker, Frederick R. and Ong, Lin Kooi. 2019. "Can We Use 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride-Stained Brain Slices for Other Purposes? The Application of Western Blotting." Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 12, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2019.00181
Low oxygen post conditioning prevents thalamic secondary neuronal loss caused by excitotoxicity after cortical stroke
Pietrogrande, Giovanni, Zalewska, Katarzyna, Zhao, Zidan, Abdolhoseini, Mahmoud, Chow, Wei Zhen, Sanchez-Bezanilla, Sonia, Ong, Lin Kooi, Johnson, Sarah J., Nilsson, Michael and Walker, Frederick R.. 2019. "Low oxygen post conditioning prevents thalamic secondary neuronal loss caused by excitotoxicity after cortical stroke." Scientific Reports. 9, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39493-8
Frequent, short bouts of light-intensity exercises while standing decreases systolic blood pressure: Breaking Up Sitting Time after Stroke (BUST-Stroke) trial
English, Coralie, Janssen, Heidi, Crowfoot, Gary, Bourne, Josephine, Callister, Robin, Dunn, Ashlee, Oldmeadow, Christopher, Ong, Lin K., Palazzi, Kerrin, Patterson, Amanda, Spratt, Neil J., Walker, F. R., Dunstan, David W. and Bernhardt, Julie. 2018. "Frequent, short bouts of light-intensity exercises while standing decreases systolic blood pressure: Breaking Up Sitting Time after Stroke (BUST-Stroke) trial." International Journal of Stroke. 13 (9), pp. 932-940. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493018798535
Breaking up sitting time after stroke (BUST-stroke)
English, Coralie, Janssen, Heidi, Crowfoot, Gary, Callister, Robin, Dunn, Ashlee, Mackie, Paul, Oldmeadow, Christopher, Ong, Lin K., Palazzi, Kerrin, Patterson, Amanda J., Spratt, Neil J., Walker, F. Rohan, Bernhardt, Julie and Dunstan, David W.. 2018. "Breaking up sitting time after stroke (BUST-stroke)." International Journal of Stroke. 13 (9), pp. 921-931. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493018801222
Age-dependent Disturbances of Neuronal and Glial Protein Expression Profiles in Areas of Secondary Neurodegeneration Post-stroke
Kluge, Murielle G., Jones, Kimberley, Ong, Lin Kooi, Gowing, Emma K., Nilsson, Michael, Clarkson, Andrew N. and Walker, Frederick R.. 2018. "Age-dependent Disturbances of Neuronal and Glial Protein Expression Profiles in Areas of Secondary Neurodegeneration Post-stroke." Neuroscience. 393, pp. 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.034
Growth Hormone Deficiency Is Frequent After Recent Stroke
Lillicrap, Thomas, Garcia-Esperon, Carlos, Walker, Frederick Rohan, Ong, Lin Kooi, Nilsson, Michael, Spratt, Neil, Levi, Christopher R., Parsons, Mark, Isgaard, Jorgen and Bivard, Andrew. 2018. "Growth Hormone Deficiency Is Frequent After Recent Stroke." Frontiers in Neurology. 9, pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00713
Growth Hormone Improves Cognitive Function After Experimental Stroke
Ong, Lin Kooi, Chow, Wei Zhen, TeBay, Clifford, Kluge, Murielle, Pietrogrande, Giovanni, Zalewska, Katarzyna, Crock, Patricia, Åberg, N. David, Bivard, Andrew, Johnson, Sarah J., Walker, Frederick R., Nilsson, Michael and Isgaard, Jorgen. 2018. "Growth Hormone Improves Cognitive Function After Experimental Stroke." Stroke. 49 (5), pp. 1257 - 1266. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.020557
Sustained administration of corticosterone at stress-like levels after stroke suppressed glial reactivity at sites of thalamic secondary neurodegeneration
Zalewska, Katarzyna, Pietrogrande, Giovanni, Ong, Lin Kooi, Abdolhoseini, Mahmoud, Kluge, Murielle, Johnson, Sarah J., Walker, Frederick R. and Nilsson, Michael. 2018. "Sustained administration of corticosterone at stress-like levels after stroke suppressed glial reactivity at sites of thalamic secondary neurodegeneration." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 69, pp. 210-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.014
The relationship of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity to cognitive processing in adolescents: findings from the ALSPAC birth cohort
Pindus, Dominika M., Davis, Robert D. Moore, Hillman, Charles H., Bandelow, Stephan, Hogervorst, Eef, Biddle, Stuart J. H. and Sherar, Lauren B.. 2015. "The relationship of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity to cognitive processing in adolescents: findings from the ALSPAC birth cohort." Psychological Research: an international journal of perception, attention, memory and action. 79 (5), pp. 715-728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-014-0612-2
Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms
Lubans, David, Richards, Justin, Hillman, Charles, Faulkner, Guy, Beauchamp, Mark, Nilsson, Michael, Kelly, Paul, Smith, Jordan, Raine, Lauren and Biddle, Stuart. 2016. "Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms." Pediatrics. 138 (3), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1642
Chronic stress induced disruption of the peri-infarct neurovascular unit following experimentally induced photothrombotic stroke
Zhao, Zidan, Ong, Lin Kooi, Johnson, Sarah, Nilsson, Michael and Walker, Frederick R.. 2017. "Chronic stress induced disruption of the peri-infarct neurovascular unit following experimentally induced photothrombotic stroke." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 37 (12), pp. 3709-3724. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X17696100
Impaired microglia process dynamics post-stroke are specific to sites of secondary neurodegeneration
Kluge, Murielle G., Kracht, Laura, Mahmoud Abdolhoseini, Ong, Lin Kooi, Johnson, Sarah J., Nilsson, Michael and Walker, Frederick R.. 2017. "Impaired microglia process dynamics post-stroke are specific to sites of secondary neurodegeneration." Glia. 65 (12), pp. 1885-1899. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23201
Oral administration of corticosterone at stress-like levels drives microglial but not vascular disturbances post-stroke
Zalewska, Katarzyna, Ong, Lin Kooi, Johnson, Sarah J., Nilsson, Michael and Walker, Frederick R.. 2017. "Oral administration of corticosterone at stress-like levels drives microglial but not vascular disturbances post-stroke." Neuroscience. 352, pp. 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.005
Oral corticosterone administration alone is sufficient to simulate the actions of chronic stress on glial cells but not on vasculature
Zalewska, K., Ong, L. K., Pietrogrande, G., Johnson, S. J., Nilsson, M. and Walker, F. R.. 2017. "Oral corticosterone administration alone is sufficient to simulate the actions of chronic stress on glial cells but not on vasculature." 13th European Meeting on Glial Cells in Health and Disease (2017). Scotland 08 - 11 Jul 2017 United States.
Chronic stress exposure following photothrombotic stroke is associated with increased levels of Amyloid beta accumulation and altered oligomerisation at sites of thalamic secondary neurodegeneration in mice
Ong, Lin Kooi, Zhao, Zidan, Kluge, Murielle, Walker, Frederick R. and Nilsson, Michael. 2017. "Chronic stress exposure following photothrombotic stroke is associated with increased levels of Amyloid beta accumulation and altered oligomerisation at sites of thalamic secondary neurodegeneration in mice." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 37 (4), pp. 1338-1348. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X16654920
Authors’ response re: ‘‘Reconsidering the role of glial cells in chronic stress-induced dopaminergic neurons loss within the substantia nigra? Friend of foe?” by Ong et al. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 2016
Ong, Lin Kooi, Nilsson, Michael and Walker, Frederick R.. 2017. "Authors’ response re: ‘‘Reconsidering the role of glial cells in chronic stress-induced dopaminergic neurons loss within the substantia nigra? Friend of foe?” by Ong et al. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 2016." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 60, pp. 384-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.029
Reconsidering the role of glial cells in chronic stress-induced dopaminergic neurons loss within the substantia nigra? Friend or foe?
Ong, Lin Kooi, Zhao, Zidan, Kluge, Murielle, TeBay, Clifford, Zalewska, Katarzyna, Dickson, Phillip W., Johnson, Sarah J., Nilsson, Michael and Walker, Frederick R.. 2017. "Reconsidering the role of glial cells in chronic stress-induced dopaminergic neurons loss within the substantia nigra? Friend or foe?" Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 60, pp. 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.001
Association of abnormal erythrocyte morphology with oxidative stress and inflammation in metabolic syndrome
Gyawali, Prajwal, Richards, Ross S., Bwititi, Phillip T. and Nwose, Ezekiel Uba. 2015. "Association of abnormal erythrocyte morphology with oxidative stress and inflammation in metabolic syndrome." Blood Cells, Molecules and Diseases. 54 (4), pp. 360-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.01.005
The association of dyslipidemia with erythrocyte aggregation
Gyawali, Prajwal, Richards, Ross S, Bwititi, Phillip T. and Nwose, Ezekiel Uba. 2015. "The association of dyslipidemia with erythrocyte aggregation ." Clinical Lipidology. 10 (2), pp. 129-135. https://doi.org/10.2217/CLP.15.3
Hemorheology, ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) and toe brachial pressure index (TBPI) in metabolic syndrome
Gyawali, Prajwal, Richards, Ross S., Tinley, Paul and Nwose, Ezekiel Uba. 2014. "Hemorheology, ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) and toe brachial pressure index (TBPI) in metabolic syndrome ." Microvascular Research. 95, pp. 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2014.06.013
Product of serum calcium and phosphorus (Ca× PO4) as predictor of cardiovascular disease risk in predialysis patients
Regmi, Prashant, Malla, Bimala, Gyawali, Prajwal, Sigdel, Manoj, Shrestha, Rojeet, Shah, Dibya Singh and Khanal, Madhav Prasad. 2014. "Product of serum calcium and phosphorus (Ca× PO4) as predictor of cardiovascular disease risk in predialysis patients." Clinical Biochemistry. 47 (1-2), pp. 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.09.012
Erythrocyte aggregation and metabolic syndrome
Gyawali, Prajwal, Richards, Ross S., Hughes, Diane L. and Tinley, Paul. 2014. "Erythrocyte aggregation and metabolic syndrome." Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 57 (1), pp. 73-83. https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-131792
Whole-blood viscosity and metabolic syndrome
Gyawali, Prajwal, Richards, Ross S, Nwose, Ezekiel Uba and Bwititi, Phillip T. 2012. "Whole-blood viscosity and metabolic syndrome ." Clinical Lipidology. 7 (6), pp. 709-719. https://doi.org/10.2217/CLP.12.65
Erythrocyte morphology in metabolic syndrome
Gyawali, Prajwal, Richards, Ross S. and Nwose, Ezekiel Uba. 2012. "Erythrocyte morphology in metabolic syndrome ." Expert Review of Hematology. 5 (5), pp. 523-531. https://doi.org/10.1586/EHM.12.47
Increased microglial activation in the rat brain following neonatal exposure to a bacterial mimetic
Sominsky, L., Walker, A. K., Ong, L. K., Tynan, R. J., Walker, F. R. and Hodgson, D. M.. 2012. "Increased microglial activation in the rat brain following neonatal exposure to a bacterial mimetic." Behavioural Brain Research. 226 (1), pp. 351-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.038
Epigenetic Inheritance of Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Rats - Role of Early Life Exposure to a Bacterial Mimetic
Sominsky, L., Walker, A. K., Ong, L., Tynan, R. J., Walker, F. R. and Hodgson, D. M.. 2011. "Epigenetic Inheritance of Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Rats - Role of Early Life Exposure to a Bacterial Mimetic." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. 2, pp. S109-S109.
The Effect of Social Defeat on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in the Rat Brain and Adrenal Gland
Ong, Lin Kooi, Bobrovskaya, Larisa, Walker, Frederick R., Day, Trevor A., Dickson, Phillip W. and Dunkley, Peter R.. 2011. "The Effect of Social Defeat on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in the Rat Brain and Adrenal Gland." Neurochemical Research. 36 (1), pp. 27-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-010-0255-7
The effect of social conflict on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in catecholamine-producing cells from sprague-dawley rats
Ong, L., Bobrovskaya, L., Walker, F., Day, Trevor, Dickson, P. and Dunkley, P.. 2009. "The effect of social conflict on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in catecholamine-producing cells from sprague-dawley rats." 22nd Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Neurochemistry & Asian Pacific Society for Neurochemistry (2009). South Korea 23 - 29 Aug 2009 United Kingdom.