The evolution from strict liability to negligence: when and why? Part 1

Article

Gray, Anthony. 2020. "The evolution from strict liability to negligence: when and why? Part 1." Australian Law Journal. 94 (8), pp. 614-630.

Authors
Article Title	The evolution from strict liability to negligence: when and why? Part 1
ERA Journal ID	33861
Article Category	Article
Author	Gray, Anthony
Journal Title	Australian Law Journal
Journal Citation	94 (8), pp. 614-630
Number of Pages	17
Year	2020
Publisher	Lawbook Co.
Place of Publication	Australia
ISSN	0004-9611
Web Address (URL)	https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/agispt.20200908036180
Abstract	Tort law has, viewed through a long lens, moved generally from strict to fault-based liability. This move is not (yet) complete; pockets of strict liability remain. It is important to understand this move. Why, and when, did it occur? The questions, and so the answers, may be related. This article attempts some answers. Part 1 charts the gradual but perceptible shift in common law thinking away from 'act at peril' philosophy to one where liability lies where it falls, unless fault of another is shown. While of historical interest, this shift is also of contemporary interest. Given that pockets of strict liability remain in our law, what rationale, if any, supports them? If most tort law is now fault-based, why persist with any strict liability? In that context, Part 2 considers application of these trends in the context of the tort of private nuisance, traditionally a tort of strict liability.
Keywords	strict liability; peril; fault; negligence
Contains Sensitive Content	Does not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020	480605. Tort law
Public Notes	This article was first published by Thomson Reuters in the Australian Law Journal and should be cited as Anthony Gray, The evolution from strict liability to negligence: When and why? - Part 1, (2020) 94 ALJ 614. For all subscription inquiries please phone, from Australia: 1300 304 195, from Overseas: +61 2 8587 7980 or online at https://www.thomsonreuters.com.au/en-au/contact.html. The official PDF version of this article can also be purchased separately from Thomson Reuters at http://sites.thomsonreuters.com.au/journals/subscribe-or-purchase.
Byline Affiliations	School of Law and Justice
Institution of Origin	University of Southern Queensland

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Gray, Anthony. 2012. "Racial vilification and freedom of speech in Australia and elsewhere." Common Law World Review. 41 (2), pp. 167-195. https://doi.org/10.1350/clwr.2012.41.2.0236

Bloody censorship: swearing and freedom of speech

Gray, Anthony. 2012. "Bloody censorship: swearing and freedom of speech." Alternative Law Journal . 37 (1), pp. 37-40.

Section 116 of the Australian Constitution and dress restrictions

Gray, Anthony. 2011. "Section 116 of the Australian Constitution and dress restrictions." Deakin Law Review. 16 (2), pp. 293-324.

Options for the doctrine of Crown immunity in 21st century Australia

Gray, Anthony. 2009. "Options for the doctrine of Crown immunity in 21st century Australia." Australian Journal of Administrative Law. 16 (4), pp. 200-210.

Mockery and jury trial in Australia

Gray, Anthony. 2008. "Mockery and jury trial in Australia." Malleswari, V. B. (ed.) Jury trial: a legal concept. Hyderabad, India. Icfai University Press.

Workplace relations reform: summary and constitutionality

Gray, Anthony. 2006. "Workplace relations reform: summary and constitutionality." Queensland Lawyer. 26 (5), pp. 257-267.

Alert and alarmed: the National Security Information Act (Cth) 2004

Gray, Anthony. 2007. "Alert and alarmed: the National Security Information Act (Cth) 2004." University of Tasmania Law Review. 24 (2), pp. 1-23.

Mockery and the right to trial by jury

Gray, Anthony. 2006. "Mockery and the right to trial by jury." QUT Law Review. 6 (1), pp. 66-88.

Queensland criminal law may be unconstitutional

Gray, Anthony. 2004. "Queensland criminal law may be unconstitutional." Queensland Lawyer. 25, pp. 75-85.

A head for business regulation: the corporations power and the federal government's workplace relations reforms

Gray, Anthony. 2006. "A head for business regulation: the corporations power and the federal government's workplace relations reforms." Commercial Law Journal. 1 (1), pp. 56-67.

High court validates federal government's IR reforms

Gray, Anthony. 2006. "High court validates federal government's IR reforms." Commercial Law Journal. 1 (3), pp. 15-23.

High court validates restrictions on lawyer advertising

Gray, Anthony. 2005. "High court validates restrictions on lawyer advertising." Queensland Lawyer. 26 (3), pp. 131-139.

Religious freedom and Section 116 of the Australian Constitution: would a banning of the hijab or burqa be constitutionally valid?

Gray, Anthony. 2011. "Religious freedom and Section 116 of the Australian Constitution: would a banning of the hijab or burqa be constitutionally valid?" Forum on Public Policy: a journal of the Oxford Round Table. 2011 (2), pp. 1-33.

Constitutionality of criminal organisation legislation

Gray, Anthony. 2010. "Constitutionality of criminal organisation legislation." Australian Journal of Administrative Law. 17 (4), pp. 213-228.

Sustainable juries : thinking outside peer jury criminal trials

Gray, Anthony and Barnett, Eola. 2010. "Sustainable juries : thinking outside peer jury criminal trials." Journal of Judicial Administration. 20 (1), pp. 18-38.

Police power to conduct a search without reasonable suspicion in Australia: a comparative perspective

Gray, Anthony. 2011. "Police power to conduct a search without reasonable suspicion in Australia: a comparative perspective." European Public Law. 17 (2), pp. 331-347.

Why vicarious liability must be abandoned

Gray, Anthony. 2011. "Why vicarious liability must be abandoned." Australian Business Law Review. 39 (2), pp. 67-84.

The rule of law and reasonable suspicion

Gray, Anthony. 2011. "The rule of law and reasonable suspicion." Australian Journal of Human Rights. 16 (2), pp. 53-79.

Enforcement of punitive damages awards in the convention on choice of court agreements

Gray, Anthony. 2009. "Enforcement of punitive damages awards in the convention on choice of court agreements." Willamette Journal of International Law and Dispute Resolution. 17 (1), pp. 105-156.

Federal spending power in three federations: Australia, Canada and the United States

Gray, Anthony. 2011. "Federal spending power in three federations: Australia, Canada and the United States." Common Law World Review. 40 (1), pp. 13-39. https://doi.org/10.1350/clwr.2011.40.1.0215

Immunity of the Crown from statute and suit

Gray, Anthony. 2010. "Immunity of the Crown from statute and suit." Canberra Law Review. 2010 (1), pp. 1-35.

The common law and the Constitution as protectors of rights in Australia

Gray, Anthony. 2010. "The common law and the Constitution as protectors of rights in Australia." Common Law World Review. 39 (2), pp. 119-156.

Unfair contracts and the Consumer Law Bill

Gray, Anthony. 2009. "Unfair contracts and the Consumer Law Bill." QUT Law Review. 9 (2), pp. 155-175.

Provocation and the homosexual advance defense in Australia and the United States: law out of step with community values

Gray, Anthony. 2010. "Provocation and the homosexual advance defense in Australia and the United States: law out of step with community values." The Crit. 3 (1), pp. 53-72.

Forum non conveniens in Australia: a comparative analysis

Gray, Anthony. 2009. "Forum non conveniens in Australia: a comparative analysis." Common Law World Review. 38 (3), pp. 207-244.

Extending time limits in sexual abuse cases

Gray, Anthony. 2009. "Extending time limits in sexual abuse cases." Common Law World Review. 38 (4), pp. 342-384. https://doi.org/10.1350/clwr.2009.38.4.0199

Reform of rules of private international law in Manitoba: a comparative perspective

Gray, Anthony. 2009. "Reform of rules of private international law in Manitoba: a comparative perspective." Journal of Politics and Law. 2 (4), pp. 26-38.

A guaranteed right to trial by jury at state level?

Gray, Anthony. 2009. "A guaranteed right to trial by jury at state level?" Australian Journal of Human Rights. 15 (1), pp. 97-125.

State-based business licensing in Australia: the Constitution, economics and international perspectives

Gray, Anthony. 2009. "State-based business licensing in Australia: the Constitution, economics and international perspectives." Deakin Law Review. 14 (2), pp. 165-188.

Due process, natural justice, Kable and organisational control legislation

Gray, Anthony. 2009. "Due process, natural justice, Kable and organisational control legislation." Public Law Review. 20 (4), pp. 290-305.

To give and to receive: the Australian government's proposed electoral finance reforms

Gray, Anthony and Jones, Nicky. 2010. "To give and to receive: the Australian government's proposed electoral finance reforms." University of Tasmania Law Review. 28 (2), pp. 182-209.

Australian 'bikie' laws in the absence of an express Bill of Rights

Gray, Anthony. 2009. "Australian 'bikie' laws in the absence of an express Bill of Rights." Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology. 4 (4), pp. 274-286.

Excise taxation in the Australian federation: a legal and economic perspective

Gray, Anthony. 2009. Excise taxation in the Australian federation: a legal and economic perspective. Berlin, Germany. VDM Verlag Dr. Muller.

Human rights in Australia: looking forward, looking back

Gray, Anthony. 2009. Human rights in Australia: looking forward, looking back. Berlin, Germany. VDM Verlag Dr. Muller.

The regulation of electoral financing

Gray, Anthony. 2009. "The regulation of electoral financing." Oxford University Comparative Law Forum. 2009, pp. 1-21.

Criminal sanctions for cartel behaviour

Gray, Anthony. 2008. "Criminal sanctions for cartel behaviour." QUT Law Review. 8 (2), pp. 364-379.

Time to abolish the rule in Searle v Wallbank for negligence and nuisance claims

Gray, Anthony. 2008. "Time to abolish the rule in Searle v Wallbank for negligence and nuisance claims." Deakin Law Review. 13 (2), pp. 101-130.

Legal studies in action 2: Queensland

Gray, Anthony, Young, Karyl and Kenman, Sandra. 2009. Legal studies in action 2: Queensland. Brisbane, Australia. John Wiley & Sons.

Getting it right: where is the place of the wrong in multinational torts cases?

Gray, Anthony. 2008. "Getting it right: where is the place of the wrong in multinational torts cases?" The Sydney Law Review. 30 (3), pp. 537-550.

Loss distribution issues in multinational torts claims: giving substance to substance

Gray, Anthony. 2008. "Loss distribution issues in multinational torts claims: giving substance to substance." Journal of Private International Law. 4 (2), pp. 279-309.

Choice of law: the presumption in the proof of foreign law

Gray, Anthony. 2008. "Choice of law: the presumption in the proof of foreign law." University of New South Wales Law Journal. 31 (1), pp. 136-157.

Reinterpreting the trade and commerce power

Gray, Anthony. 2008. "Reinterpreting the trade and commerce power." Australian Business Law Review. 36 (1), pp. 29-46.

Policing price fixing in petroleum markets

Gray, Anthony. 2007. "Policing price fixing in petroleum markets." Australian Business Law Review. 35 (6), pp. 398-406.

FOI and the freedom of political communication

Gray, Anthony. 2007. "FOI and the freedom of political communication." Deakin Law Review. 12 (1), pp. 193-217.

The guaranteed right to vote in Australia

Gray, Anthony. 2007. "The guaranteed right to vote in Australia." QUT Law Review. 7 (2), pp. 178-197.

An exploratory study to determine students' perceptions of the value of interaction in an Australian classroom context and the perceived impact on learning outcomes

McDonald, Jacquelin, Birch, Dawn, Gray, Anthony, Gururajan, Raj, Hingst, Raymond D. and Maguire, Michael. 2005. "An exploratory study to determine students' perceptions of the value of interaction in an Australian classroom context and the perceived impact on learning outcomes." CRLL 2005: What a Difference a Pedagogy Makes: Researching Lifelong Learning and Teaching. Glasgow, Scotland 24 - 26 Jun 2005 London, United Kingdom.

Legal studies in action 1: Queensland (3rd edition) (includes teacher support manual)

Gray, Anthony and Herlihy, Gail. 2008. Legal studies in action 1: Queensland (3rd edition) (includes teacher support manual). Brisbane, Australia. John Wiley & Sons.

How Welfare to Work and WorkChoices will change womens' lives

Collins, Pauline and Gray, Anthony. 2006. "How Welfare to Work and WorkChoices will change womens' lives." Bailey, Janis, Broadbent, Kaye, Edwards, Linda, McDonald, Paula and Whitehouse, Gillian (ed.) Our Work .... Our Lives: National Conference on Women & Industrial Relations (2006). Brisbane, Australia 12 - 14 Jul 2006 Brisbane, Australia.