Deterrence of drug driving: The impact of the ACT drug driving legislation and detection techniques

Project report

Armstrong, Kerry, Watling, Christopher N. and Davey, Jeremy. 2014. Deterrence of drug driving: The impact of the ACT drug driving legislation and detection techniques. Brisbane, Australia. NRMA-ACT Road Safety Trust.
Title

Deterrence of drug driving: The impact of the ACT drug driving legislation and detection techniques

Report TypeProject report
AuthorsArmstrong, Kerry (Author), Watling, Christopher N. (Author) and Davey, Jeremy (Author)
Institution of OriginQueensland University of Technology
Number of Pages63
Year2014
PublisherNRMA-ACT Road Safety Trust
Place of PublicationBrisbane, Australia
Web Address (URL)https://acrs.org.au/files/roadsafetytrust/1403696326.docx
Abstract

The study sought to explore the initial impact of the ACT's implementation of roadside oral fluid drug screening program. The results suggest that a number of individuals reported intentions to drug drive in the future. The classical deterrence theory variables of certainty of apprehension, severity and swiftness of sanctions were not predictive of intentions to drug drive in the future. In contrast, having avoided apprehension and having known of others that have avoided apprehension were predictive of intentions to drug drive in the future. Increasing perceptions of the certainty of apprehension, increased testing frequency, and increased awareness of the oral fluid drug screening program could potentially lead to reductions of drug driving and result in safer road environment for all ACT community members.

Keywordsdrug driving; deterrence; detection technique
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020520402. Decision making
420604. Injury prevention
520103. Forensic psychology
Public Notes

There are no files associated with this item.

Byline AffiliationsQueensland University of Technology
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q7008/deterrence-of-drug-driving-the-impact-of-the-act-drug-driving-legislation-and-detection-techniques

Log in to edit
  • 53
    total views
  • 0
    total downloads
  • 1
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Are train horns improving road safety? Road users’ perspective
Larue, Grégoire S., Villoresi, Danielle, Nandavar, Sonali, Kidcaff, Andrew and Watling, Christopher N.. 2024. "Are train horns improving road safety? Road users’ perspective." Ergonomics: an international journal of research and practice in human factors and ergonomics. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2024.2333965
Validation and Interpretation of a Multimodal Drowsiness Detection System Using Explainable Machine Learning
Hasan, Md Mahmudul, Watling, Christopher N. and Larue, Grégoire S.. 2024. "Validation and Interpretation of a Multimodal Drowsiness Detection System Using Explainable Machine Learning." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107925
The Effects of Distraction on Younger Drivers: A Neurophysiological Perspective
Goldsworthy, Jake, Watling, Christopher N., Rose, Chase and Larue, Gregoire. 2024. "The Effects of Distraction on Younger Drivers: A Neurophysiological Perspective." Applied Ergonomics: human factors in technology and society. 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104147
Out of sight and out of mind? Safety and procedural issues with disused and seasonal rail corridors
Watling, Chris, Larue, Grégoire, Kidcaff, Andrew and Luke, Claudia. 2023. "Out of sight and out of mind? Safety and procedural issues with disused and seasonal rail corridors." Case Studies on Transport Policy. 12, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2023.101006
Factors reducing the detectability of train horns by road users: a laboratory study
Larue, Grégoire S., Watling, Christopher N., Khakzar, Mahrokh, Villoresi, Danielle and Dehkordi, Sepehr Ghasemi. 2023. "Factors reducing the detectability of train horns by road users: a laboratory study." Applied Ergonomics: human factors in technology and society. 109, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.103984
Physiological signal-based drowsiness detection using machine learning: Singular and hybrid signal approaches
Hasan, MD Mahmudul, Watling, Christopher N. and Larue, Gregoire S.. 2021. "Physiological signal-based drowsiness detection using machine learning: Singular and hybrid signal approaches." Journal of Safety Research. 80, pp. 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2021.12.001
Pedestrians distracted by their smartphone: Are in-ground flashing lights catching their attention? A laboratory study
Larue, Gregoire S., Watling, Christopher N., Black, Alexander A., Wood, Joanne M. and Khakzar, Mahrokh. 2020. "Pedestrians distracted by their smartphone: Are in-ground flashing lights catching their attention? A laboratory study." Accident Analysis and Prevention. 134, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.105346
Sleep-impaired emotional regulation, impaired cognition, and poor sleep health are associated with risky sleepy driving in young adults
Watling, Christopher N., Shaw, Lauren M. and Watling, Hanna. 2020. "Sleep-impaired emotional regulation, impaired cognition, and poor sleep health are associated with risky sleepy driving in young adults." Traffic Injury Prevention. 21 (2), pp. 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2019.1710499
Young drivers who continue to drive while sleepy: What are the associated sleep‐ and driving‐related factors?
Watling, Christopher N.. 2019. "Young drivers who continue to drive while sleepy: What are the associated sleep‐ and driving‐related factors?" Journal of Sleep Research. 29 (3), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12900
Acceptance of visual and audio interventions for distracted pedestrians
Larue, Gregoire S. and Watling, Christopher N.. 2021. "Acceptance of visual and audio interventions for distracted pedestrians." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 76, pp. 369-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.12.001
Sensitivity and specificity of the driver sleepiness detection methods using physiological signals: a systematic review
Watling, Christopher N., Hasan, Md Mahmudul and Larue, Gregoire S.. 2021. "Sensitivity and specificity of the driver sleepiness detection methods using physiological signals: a systematic review." Accident Analysis and Prevention. 150, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105900
Younger drivers executive functioning and the relationship with experiencing signs of sleepiness
Watling, Christopher N. and Watling, Hanna A.. 2021. "Younger drivers executive functioning and the relationship with experiencing signs of sleepiness." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 80, pp. 359-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.05.003
Safety considerations for railway crossings in a post-COVID world
Larue, Gregoire S. and Watling, Christopher N.. 2022. "Safety considerations for railway crossings in a post-COVID world." 13th World Congress on Railway Research (WCRR 2022): Reshaping our railways post pandemic: Research with an impact. Birmingham, United Kingdom 06 - 10 Jun 2022 Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Pedestrian Distraction at Railway Level Crossings: can Illuminated In-ground LEDs attract their Attention Back?
Larue, Gregoire S., Watling, Christopher N., Black, Alexander A., Wood, Joanne M. and Khakzar, Mahrokh. 2019. "Pedestrian Distraction at Railway Level Crossings: can Illuminated In-ground LEDs attract their Attention Back?" World Congress on Railway Research (WCRR 2019). Tokyo, Japan 28 Oct - 01 Nov 2019 Tokyo, Japan.
The Effectiveness of Lucid Dreaming Practice on Waking Task Performance: A Scoping Review of Evidence and Meta-Analysis
Bonamino, Clarita, Watling, Christopher and Polman, Remco. 2023. "The Effectiveness of Lucid Dreaming Practice on Waking Task Performance: A Scoping Review of Evidence and Meta-Analysis." Dreaming. 33 (3), pp. 292-315. https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000209
Improving the identification of fatigue-related crashes in the Australian Capital Territory
Armstrong, Kerry, Haworth, Narelle, Watling, Christopher and Trenorden, Janelle. 2011. Improving the identification of fatigue-related crashes in the Australian Capital Territory. Canberra, Australia. NRMA-ACT Road Safety Trust.
On the horns of a dilemma: Key factors informing train horn use at rail level crossings
Naweed, Anjum, Keane, Rebecca, Larue, Gregoire S., Watling, Christopher and Lewis, Ioni. 2021. "On the horns of a dilemma: Key factors informing train horn use at rail level crossings." 21st Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (2021). Vancouver, Canada 13 - 18 Jun 2021 Vancouver, Canada.
Increasing awareness of distracted pedestrians at railway level crossings with illuminated in-ground lights
Larue, Gregoire S., Watling, Christopher N., Black, Alexander and Wood, Joanne M.. 2021. "Increasing awareness of distracted pedestrians at railway level crossings with illuminated in-ground lights." Johnson, M. and Grzebieta, R. H. (ed.) Australasian Road Safety Conference (ARSC 2021). Melbourne, Australia Melbourne, Australia.
Improving the safety of distracted pedestrians with in-ground flashing lights. A railway crossing field study
Larue, Gregoire S., Watling, Christopher N., Black, Alexander and Wood, Joanne M.. 2021. "Improving the safety of distracted pedestrians with in-ground flashing lights. A railway crossing field study." Journal of Safety Research. 77, pp. 170-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2021.02.014
Driver behaviour at level crossings: Too fast approach speeds and too fast decisions?
Larue, Gregoire S., Watling, Christopher N., Black, Alexander, Wood, Joanne M. and Griffin, Wanda. 2017. "Driver behaviour at level crossings: Too fast approach speeds and too fast decisions?" Australasian Road Safety Conference (2017). Perth, Australia 10 - 12 Oct 2017 Perth, Australia.
Hazard perception performance and visual scanning behaviours: The effect of sleepiness
Watling, Christopher N. and Home, Madison. 2022. "Hazard perception performance and visual scanning behaviours: The effect of sleepiness." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 90, pp. 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2022.08.020
How does Inattentional Deafness and Auditory Exclusion impact on Urgent Duty Driving of Heavy Vehicles in Emergency Services?
McMillan, Peter, King, Mark and Watling, Christopher N.. 2018. "How does Inattentional Deafness and Auditory Exclusion impact on Urgent Duty Driving of Heavy Vehicles in Emergency Services?" Australasian Road Safety Conference (2018). Sydney, Australia 03 - 05 Oct 2018 Sydney, Australia.
Too sleepy to drive: self-perception and regulation of driving when sleepy
Watling, Christopher N. and Smith, Simon S.. 2012. "Too sleepy to drive: self-perception and regulation of driving when sleepy." Occupational Safety in Transport Conference (OSIT 2012). Gold Coast, Australia Kelvin Grove, Australia.
Exploring perceived legitimacy of traffic law enforcement
Watling, C. N. and Leal, N. L.. 2012. "Exploring perceived legitimacy of traffic law enforcement." Senserrick, T. (ed.) Australasian College of Road Safety National Conference (2012). Sydney, Australia 09 - 10 Aug 2012 Brisbane, Australia.
Sleepiness: How a biological drive can influence other risky road user behaviours
Watling, C. N., Armstrong, K. A. and Smith, S. S.. 2013. "Sleepiness: How a biological drive can influence other risky road user behaviours." Australasian College of Road Safety National Conference (2013). Adelaide, Australia 06 - 12 Nov 2013 Adelaide, Australia.
In the blink of an eye: The circadian effects on ocular and subjective indices of driver sleepiness
Watling, C. N. and Smith, S. S. 2013. "In the blink of an eye: The circadian effects on ocular and subjective indices of driver sleepiness." Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference (2013). Brisbane, Australia 28 - 30 Aug 2013 Brisbane, Australia.
I know, but I Don’t Care: How Awareness of Queensland’s Drug Driving Testing Methods Impact Upon Perceptions of Deterrence and Offending Behaviours
Watling, Christopher, Freeman, James and Davey, Jeremy. 2014. "I know, but I Don’t Care: How Awareness of Queensland’s Drug Driving Testing Methods Impact Upon Perceptions of Deterrence and Offending Behaviours." Modern Traffic and Transportation Engineering Research.
Continuing to drive while sleepy: The influence of sleepiness countermeasures, motivation for driving sleepy, and risk perception
Watling, Christopher N., Armstrong, Kerry A., Obst, Patricia L. and Smith, Simon S.. 2014. "Continuing to drive while sleepy: The influence of sleepiness countermeasures, motivation for driving sleepy, and risk perception." Accident Analysis and Prevention. 73, pp. 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.09.021
What aspects of demographic, personality, attitudes and perceptions of law enforcement influence self-reported likelihood of drink driving?
MacKenzie, Janelle E., Watling, Christopher N. and Leal, Nerida L.. 2015. "What aspects of demographic, personality, attitudes and perceptions of law enforcement influence self-reported likelihood of drink driving?" Journal of Risk Research. 18 (9), pp. 1203-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2014.923026
Sleepy driving and drink driving: attitudes, behaviours, and perceived legitimacy of enforcement of younger and older drivers
Watling, Christopher N. and Watling, Hanna A.. 2015. "Sleepy driving and drink driving: attitudes, behaviours, and perceived legitimacy of enforcement of younger and older drivers." Cameron, I., Haworth, N. and McIntosh, L. (ed.) Australasian Road Safety Conference (ARSC 2015). Gold Coast, Australia 14 - 16 Oct 2015 Gold Coast, Australia.
Signs of driver sleepiness and risky sleepy driving behaviours: the associations with demographic, work and sleep-related factors
Watling, Christopher N., Armstrong, Kerry A. and Haworth, Narelle. 2015. "Signs of driver sleepiness and risky sleepy driving behaviours: the associations with demographic, work and sleep-related factors." Cameron, I., Haworth, N. and McIntosh, L. (ed.) 2015 Australasian Road Safety Conference (ARSC 2015). Gold Coast, Australia 14 - 16 Oct 2015 Gold Coast, Australia.
Examining signs of driver sleepiness, usage of sleepiness countermeasures and the associations with sleepy driving behaviours and individual factors
Watling, Christopher N., Armstrong, Kerry A. and Radun, Igor. 2015. "Examining signs of driver sleepiness, usage of sleepiness countermeasures and the associations with sleepy driving behaviours and individual factors." Accident Analysis and Prevention. 85, pp. 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.08.022
The influence of social factors and personality constructs on drink driving among young licenced drivers
Watling, Hanna, Hooijer, Johanna, Armstrong, Kerry and Watling, Christopher N.. 2018. "The influence of social factors and personality constructs on drink driving among young licenced drivers." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 52, pp. 210-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.11.023
Is it safe to cross? Identification of trains and their approach speed at level crossings
Larue, Gregoire S., Filtness, Ashleigh J., Wood, Joanne M., Demmel, Sebastien, Watling, Christopher N., Naweed, Anjum and Rakotonirainy, Andry. 2018. "Is it safe to cross? Identification of trains and their approach speed at level crossings." Safety Science. 103, pp. 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.11.009
Prevalence and dynamics of distracted pedestrian behaviour at railway level crossings: Emerging issues
Larue, Gregoire S. and Watling, Christopher N.. 2022. "Prevalence and dynamics of distracted pedestrian behaviour at railway level crossings: Emerging issues." Accident Analysis and Prevention. 165, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106508
Self-reported circumstances and consequences of driving while sleepy
Radun, Igor, Radun, Jenni, Wahde, Matyias, Watling, Christopher N. and Kecklund, Goran. 2015. "Self-reported circumstances and consequences of driving while sleepy." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 32, pp. 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.05.004
Getting the Attention of Drivers Back on Passive Railway Level Crossings: Evaluation of Advanced Flashing Lights
Larue, Gregoire S., Watling, Christopher N., Black, Alexander A. and Wood, Joanne M.. 2019. "Getting the Attention of Drivers Back on Passive Railway Level Crossings: Evaluation of Advanced Flashing Lights." Transportation Research Record. 2673 (2), pp. 789-798. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119828679
From road distraction to safe driving: Evaluating the effects of boredom and gamification on driving behaviour, physiological arousal, and subjective experience
Steinberger, Fabius, Schroeter, Ronald and Watling, Christopher N.. 2017. "From road distraction to safe driving: Evaluating the effects of boredom and gamification on driving behaviour, physiological arousal, and subjective experience." Computers in Human Behavior. 75, pp. 714-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.019
Deterrence of drug driving: The impact of the ACT drug driving legislation and detection techniques
Armstrong, Kerry A., Watling, Christopher N. and Davey, Jeremy D.. 2018. "Deterrence of drug driving: The impact of the ACT drug driving legislation and detection techniques." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 54, pp. 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.01.014
Drivers' perceived legitimacy of enforcement practices for sleep-related crashes: What are the associated factors?
Watling, Christopher N.. 2018. "Drivers' perceived legitimacy of enforcement practices for sleep-related crashes: What are the associated factors?" Journal of Clinical Forensic and Legal Medicine: an international journal of forensic and legal medicine. 54, pp. 34-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2017.12.005
Greater rewards in videogames lead to more presence, enjoyment and effort
Johnson, Daniel, Klarkowski, Madison, Vella, Kellie, Phillips, Cody, McEwan, Mitchell and Watling, Christopher N.. 2018. "Greater rewards in videogames lead to more presence, enjoyment and effort." Computers in Human Behavior. 87, pp. 66-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.025
Psychophysiological Changes Associated With Self-Regulation of Sleepiness and Cessation From a Hazard Perception Task
Watling, Christopher N., Smith, Simon S. and Horswill, Mark S.. 2016. "Psychophysiological Changes Associated With Self-Regulation of Sleepiness and Cessation From a Hazard Perception Task." Journal of Psychophysiology. 30 (2), pp. 66-75. https://doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000156
Crash risk perception of sleepy driving and its comparisons with drink driving and speeding: Which behavior is perceived as the riskiest?
Watling, Christopher N., Armstrong, Kerry A., Smith, Simon S. and Obst, Patricia L.. 2016. "Crash risk perception of sleepy driving and its comparisons with drink driving and speeding: Which behavior is perceived as the riskiest?" Traffic Injury Prevention. 47 (4), pp. 400-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2015.1096350
An on-road examination of daytime and evening driving on rural roads: physiological, subjective, eye gaze, and driving performance outcomes
Watling, Christopher N., Larue, Gregoire S., Wood, Joanne M. and Black, Alexander. 2022. "An on-road examination of daytime and evening driving on rural roads: physiological, subjective, eye gaze, and driving performance outcomes." Attention, Perception and Psychophysics. 84 (2), pp. 418-426. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02424-9
Sex, Drugs, and Deterrence: Applying Stafford and Warr’s Reconceptualization of Deterrence Theory to Drug Driving Across the Genders
Watling, Christopher N., Freeman, James, Palk, Gavan and Davey, Jeremy. 2011. "Sex, Drugs, and Deterrence: Applying Stafford and Warr’s Reconceptualization of Deterrence Theory to Drug Driving Across the Genders." Palmetti, Nicholas M. and Russo, Jennifer P. (ed.) Psychology of Punishment. New York, United States. Nova Science Publishers. pp. 51-71
Motivation to continue driving while sleepy: the effects on sleepiness and performance levels
Watling, Christopher N.. 2016. "Motivation to continue driving while sleepy: the effects on sleepiness and performance levels." 6th International Conference on Traffic and Transport Psychology (ICTTP2016). Brisbane, Australia 02 - 05 Aug 2016 Australia.
Loud and clear? Train horn practice at railway level crossings in Australia
Larue, Gregoire S., Dehkordi, Sepehr G., Watling, Christopher N. and Naweed, Anjum. 2021. "Loud and clear? Train horn practice at railway level crossings in Australia." Applied Ergonomics: human factors in technology and society. 95, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103433
Cooperative Game Play with Avatars and Agents: Differences in Brain Activity and the Experience of Play
Johnson, Daniel, Wyeth, Peta, Clark, Madison and Watling, Christopher. 2015. "Cooperative Game Play with Avatars and Agents: Differences in Brain Activity and the Experience of Play." 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2015). Seoul, Korea 18 - 23 Apr 2015 United States. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702468
The on-road experiences and awareness of sleepiness in a sample of Australian highway drivers: A roadside driver sleepiness study
Watling, Christopher N., Armstrong, Kerry A., Smith, Simon S. and Wilson, Adrian. 2015. "The on-road experiences and awareness of sleepiness in a sample of Australian highway drivers: A roadside driver sleepiness study." Traffic Injury Prevention. 17 (1), pp. 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2015.1033690
Do repeated rumble strip hits improve driver alertness?
Watling, Christopher N., Akerstedt, Torbjorn, Kecklund, Goran and Anund, Anna. 2015. "Do repeated rumble strip hits improve driver alertness?" Journal of Sleep Research. 25 (2), pp. 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12359
On-road driver sleepiness: what are Australian drivers experiences and awareness of sleepiness while driving?
Watling, Christopher N, Wilson, Adrian, Armstrong, Kerry A. and Smith, Simon S.. 2014. "On-road driver sleepiness: what are Australian drivers experiences and awareness of sleepiness while driving?" 22nd Congress of the European Sleep Research Society. Estonia 16 - 20 Sep 2014 United Kingdom. John Wiley & Sons.
The Edge of Glory: The Relationship between Metacritic Scores and Player Experience
Johnson, Daniel, Watling, Christopher N., Gardner, John and Nacke, Lennart E.. 2014. "The Edge of Glory: The Relationship between Metacritic Scores and Player Experience." 1st ACM SIGCHI Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (CHI PLAY 2014). Toronto, Canada 19 - 22 Oct 2014 https://doi.org/10.1145/2658537.2658694
Stop and revive? The effectiveness of nap and active rest breaks for reducing driver sleepiness
Watling, Christopher N., Smith, Simon S. and Horswill, Mark S.. 2014. "Stop and revive? The effectiveness of nap and active rest breaks for reducing driver sleepiness." Psychophysiology. 51 (11), pp. 1131-1138. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12256
Sleepy driving and pulling over for a rest: Investigating individual factors that contribute to these driving behaviours
Watling, Chris. 2014. "Sleepy driving and pulling over for a rest: Investigating individual factors that contribute to these driving behaviours." Personality and Individual Differences. 56, pp. 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.031
Self-reported likelihood of speeding: The effects of attitudes, personality, and perceived legitimacy of enforcement
Watling, C. N., Soole, D.W. and Leal, N. L.. 2013. "Self-reported likelihood of speeding: The effects of attitudes, personality, and perceived legitimacy of enforcement." Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference (2013). Brisbane, Australia 28 - 30 Aug 2013 Brisbane, Australia.
Efficacy of proxy definitions for identification of fatigue/sleep-related crashes: An Australian evaluation
Armstrong, Kerry, Filtness, Ashleigh J., Watling, Christopher N., Barraclough, Peter and Haworth, Narelle. 2013. "Efficacy of proxy definitions for identification of fatigue/sleep-related crashes: An Australian evaluation." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 21, pp. 242-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2013.10.002
The effects of rest breaks on driver fatigue: final report
Smith, Simon S., Watling, Christopher N., Horswill, Mark S. and Douglas, James A.. 2012. The effects of rest breaks on driver fatigue: final report. Australia. NRMA-ACT Road Safety Trust.
Exploring the theoretical underpinnings of driving whilst influenced by illicit substances
Watling, Christopher N. and Freeman, James. 2011. "Exploring the theoretical underpinnings of driving whilst influenced by illicit substances." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 14 (6), pp. 567-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2011.06.002
Perceptual deterrence versus current behaviours: A study into factors influencing drug driving in Queensland
Freeman, James, Watling, Christopher, Davey, Jeremy and Palk, Gavan. 2010. "Perceptual deterrence versus current behaviours: A study into factors influencing drug driving in Queensland." Road and Transport Research: a journal of Australian and New Zealand research and practice. 19 (3), pp. 3-13.
Applying Stafford and Warr’s reconceptualization of deterrence theory to drug driving: Can it predict those likely to offend?
Watling, Christopher N., Palk, Gavan R., Freeman, James E. and Davey, Jeremy D.. 2010. "Applying Stafford and Warr’s reconceptualization of deterrence theory to drug driving: Can it predict those likely to offend?" Accident Analysis and Prevention. 42 (2), p. 452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.09.007