Modelling of heat stress in a robotic dairy farm. Part 3: rumination and milking performance

Article


Ji, Boyu, Banhazi, Thomas, Ghahramani, Afshin, Bowtell, Les, Wang, Chaoyuan and Li, Baoming. 2020. "Modelling of heat stress in a robotic dairy farm. Part 3: rumination and milking performance." Biosystems Engineering. 199, pp. 58-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.02.006
Article Title

Modelling of heat stress in a robotic dairy farm. Part 3: rumination and milking performance

ERA Journal ID3455
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsJi, Boyu (Author), Banhazi, Thomas (Author), Ghahramani, Afshin (Author), Bowtell, Les (Author), Wang, Chaoyuan (Author) and Li, Baoming (Author)
Journal TitleBiosystems Engineering
Journal Citation199, pp. 58-72
Number of Pages15
Year2020
PublisherElsevier
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN1537-5110
1537-5129
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.02.006
Abstract

Robotic milking systems (RMS) have been demonstrated to reduce on-farm labour requirements and collect significant individual-level data in relation to animal health, welfare and production, but they are still largely underutilised. Studies on the relationship between heat stress, animal behaviour and robotic milking performance in a RMS are still insufficient. To model such a relationship, this study focused on analysing the data collected from a RMS system. Animal response indicators of heat stress assessment were rumination time (RT), milk temperature (MT) and daily milk yield (DMY). In addition, RMS milking behaviour, i.e. time of milking (TM), milking frequency (MF), milking duration (MD), milking speed (MS) and milk yield per milking (MY) were also monitored. A new index of rumination efficiency (REI) was created to evaluate rumination efficiency under heat stress, defined as the ratio between DMY and RT. Using multiple broken-line regression, it was found that a 1 °C rise in daily mean temperature could reduce RT by 5.12 min, decrease REI by 0.07 kg·cow−1·h−1, and increase low efficiency milking by 1%. Moreover, the study also found cows prefer to milk between 7:00–9:00AM, and 86% of milking events happened during this period. No significant correlation was found between heat stress and milking behaviour. However, delaying the first milking event of the day and controlling milking intervals to <4 h, was beneficial for REI and robotic milking performance.

Keywordsrobotic milking system, animal welfare, heat stress, farm management
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020300207. Agricultural systems analysis and modelling
460207. Modelling and simulation
Byline AffiliationsSchool of Civil Engineering and Surveying
Centre for Sustainable Agricultural Systems
China Agricultural University, China
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Banhazi, T. M.. 2013. "Seasonal, diurnal and spatial variations of environmental variables in Australian livestock buildings." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 10 (1), pp. 60-69. https://doi.org/10.7158/14488388.2013.11464865
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Ji, Boyu. 2018. Using precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies to assess the impact of environmental stressors on animal welfare and production efficiency on modern dairy farms. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/5f716d2499a0b
Pulsed ultrasound as an energy saving mode for ultrasound treatment of surface water with terrestrial aquatic carbon
Al-juboori, Raed A., Yusaf, Talal and Bowtell, Les. 2018. "Pulsed ultrasound as an energy saving mode for ultrasound treatment of surface water with terrestrial aquatic carbon." Desalination and Water Treatment. 135, pp. 167-176. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.23173
Development of precision livestock farming technologies
Banhazi, Thomas and Harmes, Marcus. 2018. "Development of precision livestock farming technologies." Chen, Guangnan (ed.) Advances in agricultural machinery and technologies. Boca Raton, United States. CRC Press. pp. 179-194
Effect of air gap membrane distillation parameters on the removal of fluoride from synthetic water
Naji, Osamah, Bowtell, Les, Al-juboori, Raed A., Aravinthan, Vasantha and Ghaffour, Noreddine. 2018. "Effect of air gap membrane distillation parameters on the removal of fluoride from synthetic water." Desalination and Water Treatment. 124, pp. 11-20. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22694
Solar, wind and geothermal energy applications in agriculture: back to the future?
Bundschuh, Jochen, Chen, Guangnan, Tomaszewska, Barbara, Ghaffour, Noreddine, Mushtaq, Shahbaz, Hamawand, Ihsan, Reardon-Smith, Kathryn, Maraseni, Tek, Banhazi, Thomas, Mahmoudi, Hacene, Goosen, Mattheus and Antille, Diogones L.. 2017. "Solar, wind and geothermal energy applications in agriculture: back to the future?" Bundschuh, Jochen, Chen, Guangnan, Chandrasekharam, D. and Piechocki, Janusz (ed.) Geothermal, wind and solar energy applications in agriculture and aquaculture. Leiden, Netherlands. CRC Press. pp. 1-32
Transformative and systemic climate change adaptations in mixed crop-livestock farming systems
Ghahramani, Afshin and Bowran, David. 2018. "Transformative and systemic climate change adaptations in mixed crop-livestock farming systems." Agricultural Systems. 164, pp. 236-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.04.011
Face-to-face instruction combined with online resources improves retention of clinical skills among undergraduate nursing students
Terry, Victoria R., Terry, Peter C., Moloney, Clint and Bowtell, Les. 2018. "Face-to-face instruction combined with online resources improves retention of clinical skills among undergraduate nursing students." Nurse Education Today. 61, pp. 15-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.10.014
Investigation of ethanol production potential from lignocellulosic material without enzymatic hydrolysis using the ultrasound technique
Kandasamy, Manoj, Hamawand, Ihsan, Bowtell, Leslie, Seneweera, Saman, Chakrabarty, Sayan, Yusaf, Talal, Shakoor, Zaidoon, Algayyim, Sattar and Eberhard, Friederike. 2017. "Investigation of ethanol production potential from lignocellulosic material without enzymatic hydrolysis using the ultrasound technique." Energies. 10 (1), pp. 62-73. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10010062
A tool for monitoring soil water using modelling, on-farm data, and mobile technology
Freebairn, D. M., Ghahramani, A., Robinson, J. B. and McClymont, D. J.. 2018. "A tool for monitoring soil water using modelling, on-farm data, and mobile technology." Environmental Modelling and Software. 104, pp. 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.03.010
Gasification of non-woody biomass: a literature review
Widjaya, Elita R., Chen, Guangnan, Bowtell, Les and Hills, Catherine. 2018. "Gasification of non-woody biomass: a literature review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 89, pp. 184-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.023
Economic risk implication of land use change in mixed crop-livestock systems as transformative adaptation to climate change
Ghahramani, Afshin and Kokic, Philip. 2017. "Economic risk implication of land use change in mixed crop-livestock systems as transformative adaptation to climate change." 61st Annual Conference of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society (AARES 2017). Brisbane, Australia 07 - 10 Feb 2017 Brisbane, Australia.
Climate change impact and adaptation in agricultural systems of Australia and Brazil
Ghahramani, Afshin, Berndt, Alexandre, Cobon, David, Banhazi, Thomas and Ji, Boyu. 2017. "Climate change impact and adaptation in agricultural systems of Australia and Brazil." Parapinski, Marina, Carbonare, Maryon Strack Dalle and Schmidt, Patrick (ed.) 54th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Society of Animal Science: A new View of Animal Science: Challenges and Perspectives. Foz do Iguacu, Brasil 24 - 28 Jun 2017 Foz do Iguacu, Brazil.
Food systems and climate change: impact and adaptation in cropping and livestock
Ghahramani, Afshin and Seneweera, Saman. 2018. "Food systems and climate change: impact and adaptation in cropping and livestock." Zeunert, Joshua and Waterman, Tim (ed.) Routledge handbook of landscape and food. Milton Park, United Kingdom. Routledge. pp. 271-277
Opportunities of adopting renewable energy for the nursery industry in Australia
Chen, Guangnan, Schmidt, Erik, Maraseni, Tek, Bundschuh, Jochen, Banhazi, Thomas and Antille, Diogones L.. 2017. "Opportunities of adopting renewable energy for the nursery industry in Australia." Bundschuh, Jochen, Chen, Guangnan, Chandrasekharam, D. and Piechocki, Janusz (ed.) Geothermal, wind and solar energy applications in agriculture and aquaculture. Leiden, Netherlands. CRC Press. pp. 115-126
Preliminary laboratory test on navigation accuracy of an autonomous robot for measuring air quality in livestock buildings
Qi, Haixia, Banhazi, Thomas M., Zhang, Zhigang, Low, Tobias and Brookshaw, Iain J.. 2016. "Preliminary laboratory test on navigation accuracy of an autonomous robot for measuring air quality in livestock buildings." International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 9 (2), pp. 29-39. https://doi.org/10.3965/j.ijabe.20160902.1189
Special issue on emissions from naturally ventilated livestock buildings
Takai, Hisamitsu and Banhazi, Thomas. 2013. "Special issue on emissions from naturally ventilated livestock buildings ." Biosystems Engineering. 116 (3), pp. 213-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.08.006
Comparative analysis of climate change adaptation options across the southern Australian livestock industry
Ghahramani, Afshin and Moore, Andrew D.. 2013. "Comparative analysis of climate change adaptation options across the southern Australian livestock industry." Michalk, David L., Millar, Geoffrey D., Badgery, Warwick B. and Broadfoot, Warwick B. (ed.) 22nd International Grassland Congress: Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities. Sydney, Australia 15 - 19 Sep 2013 Orange, Australia.
Wireless data management system for environmental monitoring in livestock buildings
Gray, James, Banhazi, Thomas M. and Kist, Alexander A.. 2017. "Wireless data management system for environmental monitoring in livestock buildings." Information Processing in Agriculture. 4 (1), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2016.12.001
Impact of global climate change on the health, welfare and productivity of intensively housed livestock
Kuczynski, Tadeusz, Blanes-Vidal, Victoria, Li, Baoming, Gates, Richard S., Nääs, Irenilza de Alencar, Moura, Daniella J., Berckmans, Daniel and Banhazi, Thomas M.. 2011. "Impact of global climate change on the health, welfare and productivity of intensively housed livestock." International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 4 (2), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3965/j.issn.1934-6344.2011.02.001-022
Energy conversion efficiency of pulsed ultrasound
Al-Juboori, Raed A., Yusaf, Talal and Bowtell, Leslie. 2015. "Energy conversion efficiency of pulsed ultrasound." The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy - ICAE2015. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 28 - 31 Mar 2015 Netherlands. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.340
Climate change adaptation-mitigation tradeoffs in the southern Australian livestock industry: GHG emissions
Ghahramani, A. and Moore, A. D.. 2013. "Climate change adaptation-mitigation tradeoffs in the southern Australian livestock industry: GHG emissions." Piantadosi, J., Anderssen, R. S. and Boland, J. (ed.) 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Adelaide, Australia 01 - 06 Dec 2013 Australia. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand .
An integrated WSN and mobile robot system for agriculture and environment applications
Zhou, Hong, Qi, Haixia, Banhazi, Thomas and Low, Tobias. 2014. "An integrated WSN and mobile robot system for agriculture and environment applications." Stojmenovic, Ivan, Cheng, Zixue and Guo, Song (ed.) 10th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services (MOBIQUITOUS 2013). Tokyo, Japan 02 - 04 Dec 2013 Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11569-6_3
Different response of soil and crop sequences to climate change in Western Australian mixed farm systems
Ghahramani, Afshin, Thomas, Dane S., Hayman, Peter T. and Moore, Andrew D.. 2015. "Different response of soil and crop sequences to climate change in Western Australian mixed farm systems." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Warragul, Australia.
Will modifying soil water holding capacity increase the resilience of southern Australian crop-livestock farms to climate change?
Thomas, D. S., Hayman, Peter and Ghahramani, Afshin. 2015. "Will modifying soil water holding capacity increase the resilience of southern Australian crop-livestock farms to climate change?" Weber, T., McPhee, M. J. and Anderssen, R. S. (ed.) 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Gold Coast, Australia 29 Nov - 04 Dec 2015 Canberra, Australia. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand .
Systemic adaptations to climate change in Western Australian mixed farm systems
Ghahramani, Afshin, Moore, Andrew, Crimp, Steven and Bowran, David. 2015. "Systemic adaptations to climate change in Western Australian mixed farm systems." Weber, T., McPhee, M. J. and Anderssen, R. S. (ed.) 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Gold Coast, Australia 29 Nov - 04 Dec 2015 Australia. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand .
Investigating natural organic carbon removal and structural alteration induced by pulsed ultrasound
Al-Juboori, Raed A., Yusaf, Talal, Aravinthan, Vasantha and Bowtell, Leslie. 2016. "Investigating natural organic carbon removal and structural alteration induced by pulsed ultrasound." Science of the Total Environment. 541, pp. 1019-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.143
Insights into the scalability of magnetostrictive ultrasound technology for water treatment applications
Al-Juboori, Raed A., Bowtell, Leslie A., Yusaf, Talal and Aravinthan, Vasantha. 2016. "Insights into the scalability of magnetostrictive ultrasound technology for water treatment applications." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 28, pp. 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.08.013
Online intravenous pump emulator: as effective as face-to-face simulation for training nursing students
Terry, Victoria R., Moloney, Clint, Bowtell, Leslie and Terry, Peter C.. 2016. "Online intravenous pump emulator: as effective as face-to-face simulation for training nursing students." Nurse Education Today. 40, pp. 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.03.004
Quantifying drivers of crop-livestock integration
Ghahramani, Afshin, Thomas, Dean and Moore, Andrew. 2015. "Quantifying drivers of crop-livestock integration." National Farm Business Risk Forum: Grain & Graze - Profit Through Knowledge (2015). Perth, Australia 17 Aug 2015
Adapting the Australian grassland & livestock industry to climate change by systemic adaptation: value of adaptation at cross-regional scale
Ghahramani, Afshin, Moore, Andfrew, Crimp, Steven and Howden, Mark. 2014. "Adapting the Australian grassland & livestock industry to climate change by systemic adaptation: value of adaptation at cross-regional scale." 3rd International Climate Change Adaptation Conference: Adaptation Futures. Fortaleza/Ceará, Brazil 12 - 16 May 2014
Image analysis method to evaluate beak and head motion of broiler chickens during feeding
Mehdizadeh, S. Abdanan, Neves, D. P., Tscharke, M., Naas, I. A. and Banhazi, T. M.. 2015. "Image analysis method to evaluate beak and head motion of broiler chickens during feeding." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 114, pp. 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2015.03.017
Detection of flock movement and behaviour of broiler chickens at different feeders using image analysis
Neves, Diego Pereira, Mehdizadeh, Saman Abdanan, Tscharke, Matthew, Naas, Irenilza de Alencar and Banhazi, Thomas Michael. 2015. "Detection of flock movement and behaviour of broiler chickens at different feeders using image analysis." Information Processing in Agriculture 2. 2 (3-4), pp. 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2015.08.002
Evaluating droplet distribution of spray-nozzles for dust reduction in livestock buildings using machine vision
Mehdizadeh, Saman Abdanan and Banhazi, Thomas M.. 2015. "Evaluating droplet distribution of spray-nozzles for dust reduction in livestock buildings using machine vision." International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 8 (5), pp. 58-64. https://doi.org/10.3965/j.ijabe.20150805.1178
Adapting the Australian livestock and wheat farms to climate change: value of adaptation at cross-regional scale
Ghahramani, A., Moore, A., Crimp, S. and Howden, M.. 2014. "Adapting the Australian livestock and wheat farms to climate change: value of adaptation at cross-regional scale." Livestock, Climate Change and Food Security Conference, 2014. Madrid, Spain 19 - 20 May 2014 Canberra, Australia.
Increasing soil fertility and altering legume-grass balance as adaptation strategies for sustainable livestock production under climate change
Ghahramani, Afshin and Moore, Andrew d.. 2012. "Increasing soil fertility and altering legume-grass balance as adaptation strategies for sustainable livestock production under climate change." 16th Australian Agronomy Conference: Capturing Opportunities and Overcoming Obstacles in Australian Agronomy (ASA 2012). Armidale, Australia 14 - 18 Oct 2012 Australia.
Climate change impact on Western Australian mixed farm systems
Ghahramani, Afshin, Moore, Andrew D., Crimp, Steven J. and Bowran, David. 2015. "Climate change impact on Western Australian mixed farm systems." 5th International Symposium for Farming Systems Design. Montpellier, France 07 - 10 Sep 2015
Estimated effects of climate change on grassland production and legume content across southern Australia
Moore, Andrew D. and Ghahramani, Afshin. 2013. "Estimated effects of climate change on grassland production and legume content across southern Australia." Michalk, David L., Millar, Geoffrey D., Badgery, Warwick B. and Broadfoot, Warwick B. (ed.) 22nd International Grassland Congress: Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities. Sydney, Australia 15 - 19 Sep 2013 Orange, Australia.
Slope length effect on sediment and organic litter transport on a steep forested hillslope: upscaling from plot to hillslope scale
Ghahramani, Afshin, Ishikawa, Yoshiharu and Gomi, Takashi. 2011. "Slope length effect on sediment and organic litter transport on a steep forested hillslope: upscaling from plot to hillslope scale." Hydrological Research Letters. 5, pp. 16-20. https://doi.org/10.3178/hrl.5.16
Field experiments constraining the probability distribution of particle travel distances during natural rainstorms on different slope gradients
Ghahramani, Afshin, Ishikawa, Yoshiharu and Mudd, Simon M.. 2012. "Field experiments constraining the probability distribution of particle travel distances during natural rainstorms on different slope gradients." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 37 (5), pp. 473-485. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.2253
Impact of extreme climatic events on wheat productivity in South-West, Western Australia
Peck, Matthew and Ghahramani, Afshin. 2016. "Impact of extreme climatic events on wheat productivity in South-West, Western Australia." Climate Adaptation 2016: Change, Challenge, Opportunity. Adelaide, Australia 05 - 07 Jul 2016 Adelaide, Australia.
Climate change and broadacre livestock production across southern Australia. 3. Adaptation options via livestock genetic improvement
Moore, Andrew D. and Ghahramani, Afshin. 2014. "Climate change and broadacre livestock production across southern Australia. 3. Adaptation options via livestock genetic improvement." Animal Production Science. 54 (2), pp. 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13052
Evaluating transformative adaptation options for Australian extensive farming – a cross-transect analyses of systemic adaptations - July 2016 supplementary report
Ghahramani, Afshin, Crimp, Steven, Moore, Andrew, Lau, Rex and Hopwood, Garry. 2016. Evaluating transformative adaptation options for Australian extensive farming – a cross-transect analyses of systemic adaptations - July 2016 supplementary report. Canberra, Australia. CSIRO Publishing.
Effect of ground cover on splash and sheetwash erosion over a steep forested hillslope: a plot-scale study
Ghahramani, Afshin, Ishikawa, Yoshiharu, Gomi, Takashi, Shiraki, Katsushige and Miyata, Shusuke. 2011. "Effect of ground cover on splash and sheetwash erosion over a steep forested hillslope: a plot-scale study." Catena. 85 (1), pp. 34-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2010.11.005
Downslope soil detachment–transport on steep slopes via rain splash
Ghahramani, Afshin, Ishikawa, Yoshiharu, Gomi, Takashi and Miyata, Shusuke. 2011. "Downslope soil detachment–transport on steep slopes via rain splash." Hydrological Processes. 25 (15), pp. 2471-2480. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8086
Climate change and broadacre livestock production across southern Australia. 1. Impacts of climate change on pasture and livestock productivity, and on sustainable levels of profitability
Moore, Andrew and Ghahramani, Afshin. 2013. "Climate change and broadacre livestock production across southern Australia. 1. Impacts of climate change on pasture and livestock productivity, and on sustainable levels of profitability." Global Change Biology. 19 (5), pp. 1440-1455. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12150
Water flux and sediment transport within a forested landscape: the role of connectivity, subsurface flow, and slope length scale on transport mechanism
Ghahramani, Afshin and Ishikawa, Yoshiharu. 2013. "Water flux and sediment transport within a forested landscape: the role of connectivity, subsurface flow, and slope length scale on transport mechanism." Hydrological Processes. 27 (26), pp. 4091-4102. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9791
Sheep greenhouse gas emission intensities under different management practices, climate zones and enterprise types
Cottle, D. J., Harrison, M. T. and Ghahramani, A.. 2016. "Sheep greenhouse gas emission intensities under different management practices, climate zones and enterprise types." Animal Production Science. 56 (3), pp. 507-518. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15327
Climate change impact and adaptation in temperate grassland and livestock industries
Ghahramani, Afshin and Moore, Andrew D.. 2015. "Climate change impact and adaptation in temperate grassland and livestock industries." 23rd International Grassland Congress: sustainable use of grassland resources for forage production, biodiversity and environmental protection (IGC 2015). New Delhi, India 20 - 24 Nov 2015 Jhansi, India.
Climate change and broadacre livestock production across southern Australia. 2. Adaptation options via grassland management
Ghahramani, Afshin and Moore, Andrew D.. 2013. "Climate change and broadacre livestock production across southern Australia. 2. Adaptation options via grassland management." Crop and Pasture Science. 64 (6), pp. 615-630. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP13195
Systemic adaptations to climate change in southern Australian grasslands and livestock: production, profitability, methane emission and ecosystem function
Ghahramani, Afshin and Moore, Andrew D.. 2015. "Systemic adaptations to climate change in southern Australian grasslands and livestock: production, profitability, methane emission and ecosystem function." Agricultural Systems. 133, pp. 158-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2014.11.003
The value of adapting to climate change in Australian wheat farm systems: farm to cross-regional scale
Ghahramani, Afshin, Kokic, Philip N., Moore, Andrew D., Zheng, Bangyou, Chapman, Scott C., Howden, Mark S. and Crimp, Steven J.. 2015. "The value of adapting to climate change in Australian wheat farm systems: farm to cross-regional scale." Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 211, pp. 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.05.011
Impact of climate changes on existing crop-livestock farming systems
Ghahramani, Afshin and Moore, Andrew D.. 2016. "Impact of climate changes on existing crop-livestock farming systems." Agricultural Systems. 146, pp. 142-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.05.011
An assessment of direct on-farm energy use for high value grain crops grown under different farming practices in Australia
Maraseni, Tek, Chen, Guangnan, Banhazi, Thomas, Bundschuh, Jochen and Yusaf, Talal. 2015. "An assessment of direct on-farm energy use for high value grain crops grown under different farming practices in Australia." Energies. 8 (11), pp. 13033-13046. https://doi.org/10.3390/en81112353
Tracking ultrasonically structural changes of natural aquatic organic carbon: chemical fractionation and spectroscopic approaches
Al-Juboori, Raed A., Yusaf, Talal, Aravinthan, Vasantha and Bowtell, Leslie. 2016. "Tracking ultrasonically structural changes of natural aquatic organic carbon: chemical fractionation and spectroscopic approaches." Chemosphere. 145, pp. 231-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.079
On-farm energy use in the grain and horticultural industries
Chen, Guangnan, Maraseni, Tek, Banhazi, Thomas and Bundschuh, Jochen. 2015. "On-farm energy use in the grain and horticultural industries." 1st Australian Life Cycle Assessment Conference 2015 (AgriFoodLCA): Growth Through Sustainability. Melbourne, Australia 23 - 24 Nov 2015 Australia.
On-farm energy use in the dairy industries
Chen, Guangnan, Maraseni, Tek, Banhazi, Thomas and Bundschuh, Jochen. 2015. "On-farm energy use in the dairy industries." 1st Australian Life Cycle Assessment Conference 2015 (AgriFoodLCA): Growth Through Sustainability. Melbourne, Australia 23 - 24 Nov 2015 Australia.
Assessing the application and downstream effects of pulsed mode ultrasound as a pre-treatment for alum coagulation
Al-Juboori, Raed A., Aravinthan, Vasantha, Yusaf, Talal and Bowtell, Leslie. 2016. "Assessing the application and downstream effects of pulsed mode ultrasound as a pre-treatment for alum coagulation." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 31, pp. 7-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.11.028
A preliminary assessment of cotton gin waste-mixture co-gasification performance
Widjaya, Elita R., Chen, Guangnan, Bowtell, Leslie and Hills, Catherine. 2015. "A preliminary assessment of cotton gin waste-mixture co-gasification performance." 2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'15). Bali, Indonesia 16 - 17 Aug 2015
Investigating the feasibility and the optimal location of pulsed ultrasound in surface water treatment schemes
Al-Juboori, Raed A., Yusaf, Talal, Aravinthan, Vasantha, Pittaway, Pamela A. and Bowtell, Leslie. 2016. "Investigating the feasibility and the optimal location of pulsed ultrasound in surface water treatment schemes." Desalination and Water Treatment. 57 (11), pp. 4769-4787. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.996771
Energy characterisation of ultrasonic systems for industrial processes
Al-Juboori, Raed A., Yusaf, Talal, Bowtell, Leslie and Aravinthan, Vasantha. 2015. "Energy characterisation of ultrasonic systems for industrial processes." Ultrasonics. 57, pp. 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2014.10.003
Feeding behaviour of broiler chickens: a review on the biomechanical characteristics
Neves, D. P., Banhazi, T. M. and Naas, I. A.. 2014. "Feeding behaviour of broiler chickens: a review on the biomechanical characteristics ." Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avicola. 16 (2), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-635x16021-16
Modelling of ammonia emissions from naturally ventilated livestock buildings. Part 2: air change modelling
Bjerg, Bjarne, Liberati, Paolo, Marucci, Alvaro, Zhang, Guoqiang, Banhazi, Thomas, Bartzanas, Thomas, Cascone, Giovanni, Lee, In-Bok and Norton, Tomas. 2013. "Modelling of ammonia emissions from naturally ventilated livestock buildings. Part 2: air change modelling ." Biosystems Engineering. 116 (3), pp. 246-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.01.010
Improving clinical practice outcomes for nurses with an interactive emulator
Bowtell, Les, Kist, Alexander A., Osbourne, Daniel and Parker, Victoria. 2013. "Improving clinical practice outcomes for nurses with an interactive emulator." 2013 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). Berlin, Germany 13 - 15 Mar 2013 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/EduCon.2013.6530246
A hybrid WSN system for environment monitoring at poultry buildings
Qi, Haixia, Zhou, Hong, Low, Tobias, Mehdizadeh, S., Tscharke, M. and Banhazi, T.. 2013. "A hybrid WSN system for environment monitoring at poultry buildings." SEAg 2013: Innovative Agricultural Technologies for a Sustainable Future. Barton, Australia 22 - 25 Sep 2013 Barton, ACT, Australia.
Student focus groups
Gibbings, Peter and Bowtell, Les. 2013. "Student focus groups." Lemckert, Charles, Jenkins, Graham and Lang-Lemckert, Susan (ed.) 24th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (AAEE 2013). Gold Coast, Australia 08 - 11 Dec 2013 Brisbane, Australia.
Modelling of ammonia emissions from naturally ventilated livestock buildings. Part 3: CFD modelling
Bjerg, Bjarne, Cascone, Giovanni, Lee, In-Bok, Bartzanas, Thomas, Norton, Tomas, Hong, Se-Woon, Seo, Il-Hwan, Banhazi, Thomas, Liberati, Paolo, Marucci, Alvaro and Zhang, Guoqiang. 2013. "Modelling of ammonia emissions from naturally ventilated livestock buildings. Part 3: CFD modelling." Biosystems Engineering. 116 (3), pp. 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.06.012
Modelling of ammonia emissions from naturally ventilated livestock buildings. Part 1: ammonia release modelling
Bjerg, B., Norton, T., Banhazi, T., Zhang, G., Bartzanas, T., Liberati, P., Cascone, G., Lee, I. -B. and Marucci, A.. 2013. "Modelling of ammonia emissions from naturally ventilated livestock buildings. Part 1: ammonia release modelling." Biosystems Engineering. 116 (3), pp. 232-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.08.001
Airborne pollutant emissions from naturally ventilated buildings: proposed research directions
Takai, Hisamitsu, Nimmermark, Sven, Banhazi, Thomas, Norton, Tomas, Jacobson, Larry D., Calvet, Salvador, Hassouna, Melynda, Bjerg, Bjarne, Zhang, Guo-Qiang, Pedersen, Soeren, Kai, Peter, Wang, Kaiying and Berckmans, Daniel. 2013. "Airborne pollutant emissions from naturally ventilated buildings: proposed research directions." Biosystems Engineering. 116 (3), pp. 214-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2012.12.015
Review of precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies for the Australian pig industry
Banhazi, Thomas, Dunn, Mark, Cook, Peter and Durack, Matthew. 2003. Review of precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies for the Australian pig industry. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Modelling and influencing hygiene conditions in Australian livestock buildings
Banhazi, T.. 2013. "Modelling and influencing hygiene conditions in Australian livestock buildings." Aland, Andres and Banhazi, Thomas (ed.) Livestock housing: modern management to ensure optimal health and welfare of farm animals. Wageningen, Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 377-390
Practical evaluation of cleaning methods that could be implemented in livestock buildings
Banhazi, T. and Santhanam, B.. 2013. "Practical evaluation of cleaning methods that could be implemented in livestock buildings." Aland, Andres and Banhazi, Thomas (ed.) Livestock housing: modern management to ensure optimal health and welfare of farm animals. Wageningen, Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 355-376
Environmental and management effects associated with improved production efficiency in a respiratory disease free pig herd in Australia
Banhazi, T.. 2013. "Environmental and management effects associated with improved production efficiency in a respiratory disease free pig herd in Australia." Aland, Andres and Banhazi, Thomas (ed.) Livestock housing: modern management to ensure optimal health and welfare of farm animals. Wageningen, Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 297-314
Constructing better piggery buildings by identifying factors contributing to improved thermal control under hot climatic conditions
Banhazi, T. and Rutley, D.. 2013. "Constructing better piggery buildings by identifying factors contributing to improved thermal control under hot climatic conditions." Aland, Andres and Banhazi, Thomas (ed.) Livestock housing: modern management to ensure optimal health and welfare of farm animals . Wageningen, Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 237-257
Factors influencing water temperature on farms and the effect of warm drinking water on pig growth
Banhazi, T. and Rutley, D.. 2013. "Factors influencing water temperature on farms and the effect of warm drinking water on pig growth." Aland, Andres and Banhazi, Thomas (ed.) Livestock housing: modern management to ensure optimal health and welfare of farm animals . Wageningen, Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 147-159
Interactive emulator system to aid clinical practice outcomes for nurses
Bowtell, Les, Kist, Alexander A., Osbourne, Daniel and Parker, Victoria R.. 2013. "Interactive emulator system to aid clinical practice outcomes for nurses." International Journal of Online Engineering. 9 (S5), pp. 32-37. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v9iS5.2771
Quantification of environmental conditions in Australian livestock buildings
Banhazi, Thomas M.. 2012. "Quantification of environmental conditions in Australian livestock buildings ." 9th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES 2012): Agriculture and Engineering for a Healthier Life. Valencia, Spain 08 - 12 Jul 2012 St. Joseph, MI. United States.
Precision livestock farming: precision feeding technologies and sustainable livestock production
Banhazi, T. M., Babinszky, L., Halas, V. and Tscharke, M.. 2012. "Precision livestock farming: precision feeding technologies and sustainable livestock production." International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 5 (4), pp. 54-61. https://doi.org/10.3965/j.ijabe.20120504.006
Enhancing nursing education with remote access laboratories
Bowtell, Les, Moloney, Clint, Kist, Alexander A., Parker, Victoria, Maxwell, Andrew and Reedy, Natasha. 2012. "Enhancing nursing education with remote access laboratories." International Journal of Online Engineering. 8 (Special Issue), pp. 52-59. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v8iS4.2279
Using remote access laboratories in nursing education
Bowtell, Les, Moloney, Clint, Kist, Alexander A., Parker, Victoria, Maxwell, Andrew and Reedy, Natasha. 2012. "Using remote access laboratories in nursing education." 9th International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV 2012). Bilbao, Spain 04 - 06 Jun 2012 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/REV.2012.6293148
Precision livestock farming: an international review of scientific and commercial aspects
Banhazi, T. M., Lehr, H., Black, J. L., Crabtree, H., Schofield, P., Tscharke, M. and Berckmans, D.. 2012. "Precision livestock farming: an international review of scientific and commercial aspects." International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 5 (3), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3965/j.ijabe.20120503.00
Relating flock activity levels to odour variations in tunnel ventilated broiler sheds - preliminary results
Atzeni, Michael, Sohn, Jae-Ho, Hancock, Nigel and Banhazi, Thomas. 2011. "Relating flock activity levels to odour variations in tunnel ventilated broiler sheds - preliminary results." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Precision livestock farming: scientific concepts and commercial reality
Banhazi, T. M., Lehr, H., Black, J. L., Crabtree, H., Schofield, P., Tscharke, M. and Berckmans, D.. 2011. "Precision livestock farming: scientific concepts and commercial reality." 15th International Congress on Animal Hygiene: Animal Hygiene and Sustainable Livestock Production (ISAH 2011). Vienna, Austria 03 - 07 Jul 2011 Vienna, Austria .
Review of the key results of a large integrated air quality project in Australia
Banhazi, T.. 2011. "Review of the key results of a large integrated air quality project in Australia." 15th International Congress on Animal Hygiene: Animal Hygiene and Sustainable Livestock Production (ISAH 2011). Vienna, Austria 03 - 07 Jul 2011 Vienna, Austria .
The current state of PLF affairs
Banhazi, Thomas. 2011. "The current state of PLF affairs." Lehr, Heiner and Smith, Ian (ed.) Acceptable and practical precision livestock farming. Halifax, UK . European Commission. pp. 11-17
The precision livestock farming journey: from a scientific dream towards commercial reality
Banhazi, T. and Black, J.. 2011. "The precision livestock farming journey: from a scientific dream towards commercial reality." Lehr, Heiner and Smith, Ian G. (ed.) Acceptable and practical precision livestock farming. Halifax, United Kingdom. European Union. pp. 192-207
Improved image analysis based system to reliably predict the live weight of pigs on farm: preliminary results
Banhazi, T. M., Tscharke, M., Ferdous, W. M., Saunders, C. and Lee, S. -H.. 2011. "Improved image analysis based system to reliably predict the live weight of pigs on farm: preliminary results ." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 107-119.
The development and commercialisation aspects of a practical feed intake measurement instrumentation to be used in livestock buildings
Banhazi, T. M., Lewis, B. and Tscharke, M.. 2011. "The development and commercialisation aspects of a practical feed intake measurement instrumentation to be used in livestock buildings ." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 131-138.
Oil spraying as an air quality improvement technique in livestock buildings: development and utilisation of a testing device
Banhazi, T. M., Saunders, C., Nieuwe, N., Lu, V. and Banhazi, A.. 2011. "Oil spraying as an air quality improvement technique in livestock buildings: development and utilisation of a testing device ." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 169-180.
Digital image processing methods for the identification of pigs posture during weight estimation
Ferdous, W. M., Tscharke, M., Saunders, C., Lee, S.-H. and Banhazi, T. M.. 2011. "Digital image processing methods for the identification of pigs posture during weight estimation." Lokhorst, Kees and Berckmans, Daniel (ed.) 5th European Conference on Precision Livestock Farming (ECPLF 2011). Prague 11 - 14 Jul 2011 Prague .
Air exchanges and indoor carbon dioxide concentration in Australian pig buildings: effect of housing and management factors
Banhazi, T. M., Stott, P., Rutley, D., Blanes-Vidal, V. and Pitchford, W.. 2011. "Air exchanges and indoor carbon dioxide concentration in Australian pig buildings: effect of housing and management factors." Biosystems Engineering. 110 (3), pp. 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.08.007
Review of methods to determine weight, size and composition of livestock from images
Tscharke, M. and Banhazi, T. M.. 2011. "Review of methods to determine weight, size and composition of livestock from images." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia .
Growth recorded automatically and continuously by a machine vision system for finisher pigs
Tscharke, M. J. and Banhazi, T. M.. 2011. "Growth recorded automatically and continuously by a machine vision system for finisher pigs." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia .
Spatial, diurnal and seasonal variations in the levels of environmental parameters in Australian livestock buildings
Banhazi, T. M.. 2011. "Spatial, diurnal and seasonal variations in the levels of environmental parameters in Australian livestock buildings." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia .
Treatment of airborne pollutants in livestock buildings with ozone as potential abatement option
Banhazi, T.. 2011. "Treatment of airborne pollutants in livestock buildings with ozone as potential abatement option ." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 147-156.
A low cost portable environmental monitoring system for livestock buildings
Clements, M. S., Watt, A. C., Debono, A. P., Aziz, S. M. and Banhazi, T. M.. 2011. "A low cost portable environmental monitoring system for livestock buildings." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia .
Glossary of terms on animal housing: interconnecting engineering, physical and physiological definitions
Panagakis, P., Blanes-Vidal, V., Banhazi, T., Barbosa, J. C., Maltz, E., da Cruz, V. F. and Berckmans, D.. 2009. "Glossary of terms on animal housing: interconnecting engineering, physical and physiological definitions." Agricultural Engineering International. 11, pp. 1-34.
Power quality and efficiency improvements for transformerless grid connected PV inverters
Bowtell, Leslie. 2010. Power quality and efficiency improvements for transformerless grid connected PV inverters. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Comparison between unipolar and bipolar single phase grid-connected inverters for PV applications
Bowtell, Les and Ahfock, Tony. 2007. "Comparison between unipolar and bipolar single phase grid-connected inverters for PV applications." AUPEC 2007: 17th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference. Perth, Australia 09 - 12 Dec 2007 Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2007.4548098
Precision livestock farming and nutrition
Banhazi, Thomas and Babinszky, Laszlo. 2010. "Precision livestock farming and nutrition." Kralik, Gordana (ed.) 17th International Conference on Animal Nutrition (KRMIVA 2010): Innovation in Non-Ruminant Nutrition. Opatija, Croatia 07 - 09 Jun 2010 Zagreb, Croatia.
Controlling the concentrations of airborne particles in broiler buildings
Banhazi, T. M., Currie, E. P. K., Quartararo, M. and Aarnink, A. J. A.. 2009. "Controlling the concentrations of airborne particles in broiler buildings ." Aland, A. and Madec, F. (ed.) Sustainable animal production: the challenges and potential developments for professional farming. Wageningen, Netherlands. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 347-364
Field evaluation of a prototype sensor for measuring feed disappearance in livestock buildings
Banhazi, T. M., Rutley, D., Parkin, B. J. and Lewis, B.. 2009. "Field evaluation of a prototype sensor for measuring feed disappearance in livestock buildings." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 27-38.
Precision livestock farming: a suite of electronic systems to ensure the application of best practice management on livestock farms
Banhazi, Thomas and Black, John L.. 2009. "Precision livestock farming: a suite of electronic systems to ensure the application of best practice management on livestock farms." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 1-13.
Identification of the risk factors for high airborne particle concentrations in broiler buildings using statistical modelling
Banhazi, T. M., Seedorf, J., Laffrique, M. and Rutley, D. L.. 2008. "Identification of the risk factors for high airborne particle concentrations in broiler buildings using statistical modelling ." Biosystems Engineering. 101 (1), pp. 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2008.06.007
Potential of using infrared thermography for determination of skin wetness and thus perceived thermal comfort of pigs
Banhazi, T., Kitchen, J. and Tivey, D.. 2009. "Potential of using infrared thermography for determination of skin wetness and thus perceived thermal comfort of pigs." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 47-54.
User-friendly air quality monitoring system
Banhazi, Thomas. 2009. "User-friendly air quality monitoring system ." Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 25 (2), pp. 281-290.
Development and testing of an evaluation procedure for commercial manure additive products
Banhazi, T., Hudson, N., Dunlop, M., Dyson, C. and Thomas, R.. 2009. "Development and testing of an evaluation procedure for commercial manure additive products ." Biosystems Engineering. 103 (3), pp. 321-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.04.011
Review of the consequences and control of high air temperatures in intensive livestock buildings
Banhazi, T., Aarnink, A., Thuy, H., Pedersen, S., Hartung, J., Payne, H., Mullan, B. and Berckmans, D.. 2009. "Review of the consequences and control of high air temperatures in intensive livestock buildings ." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 63-78.
Dynamic analysis of a DC offset controller for grid-connected inverters
Bowtell, L. A. and Ahfock, A. L.. 2010. "Dynamic analysis of a DC offset controller for grid-connected inverters." Duke, Richard (ed.) AUPEC 2010: Power Quality for the 21st Century. Christchurch, New Zealand 05 - 08 Dec 2010 United States.
Direct current offset controller for transformerless single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverters
Bowtell, L. and Ahfock, A.. 2010. "Direct current offset controller for transformerless single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverters." IET Renewable Power Generation. 4 (5), pp. 428-437. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2009.0043
Identification of risk factors for sub-optimal housing conditions in Australian piggeries: part 4. Emission factors and study recommendations
Banhazi, T. M., Rutley, D. L. and Pitchford, W. S.. 2008. "Identification of risk factors for sub-optimal housing conditions in Australian piggeries: part 4. Emission factors and study recommendations." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health. 14 (1), pp. 53-69.
Identification of risk factors for sub-optimal housing conditions in Australian piggeries: part 2. Airborne pollutants
Banhazi, T. M., Seedorf, J., Rutley, D. L. and Pitchford, W. S.. 2008. "Identification of risk factors for sub-optimal housing conditions in Australian piggeries: part 2. Airborne pollutants ." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health. 14 (1), pp. 21-39.
Identification of risk factors for sub-optimal housing conditions in Australian piggeries: part 1. Study justification and design
Banhazi, T. M., Seedorf, J., Rutley, D. L. and Pitchford, W. S.. 2008. "Identification of risk factors for sub-optimal housing conditions in Australian piggeries: part 1. Study justification and design." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health. 14 (1), pp. 5-20.
Identification of risk factors for sub-optimal housing conditions in Australian piggeries: part 3. Environmental parameters
Banhazi, T. M., Seedorf, J., Rutley, D. L. and Pitchford, W. S.. 2008. "Identification of risk factors for sub-optimal housing conditions in Australian piggeries: part 3. Environmental parameters." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health. 14 (1), pp. 41-52.
Weight estimation using image analysis and statistical modelling: a preliminary study
Kollis, K., Phang, C. S., Banhazi, Thomas and Searle, Stephen J.. 2007. "Weight estimation using image analysis and statistical modelling: a preliminary study ." Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 23 (1), pp. 91-96.
Validation and fine-tuning of a predictive model for air quality in livestock buildings
Banhazi, T. M., Rutley, D. L. and Pitchford, W. S.. 2010. "Validation and fine-tuning of a predictive model for air quality in livestock buildings." Biosystems Engineering. 105 (3), pp. 395-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.12.011
Air pollution and livestock production
Watt, A. C., Aziz, S. M. and Banhazi, T. M.. 2010. "Air pollution and livestock production." 17th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR 2010): Sustainable Biosystems Through Engineering. Quebec City, Canada 13 - 17 Jun 2010 Quebec City, Canada.
DC offset elimination in a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system
Ahfock, Tony L. and Bowtell, Leslie. 2006. "DC offset elimination in a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system." AUPEC 2006: 16th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference. Melbourne, Australia 10 - 13 Dec 2006 Melbourne, Australia.