Response bias in computerized tests

Article

Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1999. "Response bias in computerized tests." South Pacific Journal of Psychology. 10 (2), pp. 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0257543400000882
Article Title

Response bias in computerized tests

Article CategoryArticle
Authors
AuthorFogarty, Gerard J.
Journal TitleSouth Pacific Journal of Psychology
Journal Citation10 (2), pp. 71-80
Number of Pages10
Year1999
Place of PublicationNew Zealand
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1017/S0257543400000882
Web Address (URL)https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/south-pacific-journal-of-psychology/article/abs/response-bias-in-computerised-tests/A44FA4C804631F75929142F3FF4DE5BF
Abstract

Choosing a response format is a problem when designing computerised tests. Programmers often solve this problem by highlighting a response option and allowing the user to select this option or choose another by using the cursor keys. It is possible that such well-meaning attempts to make computers more user-friendly may heighten response style tendencies. The two experiments to be reported in this study were designed to test the effect of cursor positioning in personality and ability tests. In the first experiment, sixty two Participants were randomly assigned to two groups and asked to complete computerised versions of Forms A and B of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The position of the highlight was manipulated to produce a two-by-two factorial design with repeated measures on one factor. Results showed that there was evidence of a cursor effect but that it was confined to one of the conditions in the design. Experiment two employed the same sort of manipulation in a computerised version of the ACER Word Knowledge Test with another sample of 36 Participants. Here, no evidence was found for any effect of cursor positioning. Overall, it was concluded that the highlighting technique itself is unlikely to have any effect on measures of cognitive ability but that it may have some effect in the more subjective personality testing domain.

Keywordscomputerised tests, personality tests, ability tests, Eysenck Personality Inventory, ACERWord Knowledge Test, design, designing, response formats, cursor positioning, highlighting
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020529999. Other psychology not elsewhere classified
520105. Psychological methodology, design and analysis
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The accessible file is the submitted version of the paper. Please refer to the URL for the published version.

Byline AffiliationsDepartment of Psychology
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Intelligence: theories and issues
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1999. "Intelligence: theories and issues." Athanasou, J. (ed.) Adult educational psychology. Sydney, Australia. Social Science Press (Thomson Learning). pp. 183-210
The contribution to immediate serial recall of rehearsal, search speed, access to lexical memory, and phonological coding: an investigation at the construct level
Tehan, Gerald, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Ryan, Katherine. 2004. "The contribution to immediate serial recall of rehearsal, search speed, access to lexical memory, and phonological coding: an investigation at the construct level." Memory and Cognition. 32 (5), pp. 711-721. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195861
The flow experience: a Rasch analysis of Jackson's Flow State Scale
Tenenbaum, Gershon, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Jackson, Susan. 1999. "The flow experience: a Rasch analysis of Jackson's Flow State Scale." Journal of Outcome Measurement. 3 (3), pp. 278-294.
The role of organizational and individual variables in aircraft maintenance performance
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2004. "The role of organizational and individual variables in aircraft maintenance performance." International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies. 4 (1), pp. 73-90.
Challenging the "law of diminishing returns"
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Stankov, Lazar. 1995. "Challenging the "law of diminishing returns" ." Intelligence. 21 (2), pp. 157-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(95)90024-1
Assessing intonation skills in a tertiary music training programme
Fogarty, Gerard J., Buttsworth, Louise M. and Gearing, Phillip J.. 1996. "Assessing intonation skills in a tertiary music training programme." Psychology of Music. 24, pp. 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735696242008
The war on error: psychology and aviation maintenance
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2005. "The war on error: psychology and aviation maintenance." Murphy, Peter J. (ed.) Focus on human factors in aviation. Canberra, Australia. Australian Defence Force Directorate of Flying Safety. pp. 78-82
Senior consumers' acceptance and adoption of self-service banking technologies: an Australian study
Rose, Janelle and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2005. "Senior consumers' acceptance and adoption of self-service banking technologies: an Australian study." SERVIG Research Conference 2005. Singapore 02 - 04 Jun 2005 Singapore.
Predicting performance on a situational judgement test: the role of communication skills, listening skills, and expertise
Strahan, Jeanne, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Machin, M. Anthony. 2005. "Predicting performance on a situational judgement test: the role of communication skills, listening skills, and expertise." Katsikitis, Mary (ed.) 40th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference 2005. Melbourne, Australia 28 Sep - 02 Oct 2005 Melbourne, Australia.
Assessing the antecedents of transfer intentions in a training context
Machin, M. Anthony and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2004. "Assessing the antecedents of transfer intentions in a training context." International Journal of Training and Development. 8 (3), pp. 222-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-3736.2004.00210.x
Assessing schematic knowledge of introductory probability theory
Birney, Damian P., Fogarty, Gerard J. and Plank, Ashley. 2005. "Assessing schematic knowledge of introductory probability theory." Instructional Science. 33 (4), pp. 341-366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-005-3198-7
Career decision making for young elite athletes: are we ahead on points?
Albion, Majella J. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2005. "Career decision making for young elite athletes: are we ahead on points?" Australian Journal of Career Development. 14 (1), pp. 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/103841620501400108
Parental bonding and identity style as correlates of self-esteem among adult adoptees and nonadoptees
Passmore, Nola L., Fogarty, Gerard J., Bourke, Carolyn J. and Baker-Evans, Sandra F.. 2005. "Parental bonding and identity style as correlates of self-esteem among adult adoptees and nonadoptees." Family Relations. 54 (4), pp. 523-534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2005.00338.x
Validation of a computer user satisfaction questionnaire to measure IS success in small business
Armstrong, Bruce, Fogarty, Gerard J., Dingsdag, Don and Dimbleby, Julian. 2005. "Validation of a computer user satisfaction questionnaire to measure IS success in small business." Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology. 37 (1), pp. 27-42.
Psychological strain mediates the impact of safety climate on maintenance errors
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2005. "Psychological strain mediates the impact of safety climate on maintenance errors." International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies. 5 (1), pp. 53-64.
Errors, violations, and reporting behaviour in aviation maintenance
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2003. "Errors, violations, and reporting behaviour in aviation maintenance." Jensen, Richard (ed.) 12th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. Dayton, Ohio 14 - 17 Apr 2003 Dayton, Ohio. pp. 385-390
Modelling errors and violations in high-risk industries
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Worth, Elizabeth. 2003. "Modelling errors and violations in high-risk industries." Katsikitis, Mary (ed.) 38th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference 2003. Perth, Australia 02 - 05 Oct 2003 Melbourne, Australia. pp. 65-69
Confidence in cognition and intrapersonal perception: do we know what we think we know about our own cognitive performance and personality traits?
Baker, Sandra F. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2004. "Confidence in cognition and intrapersonal perception: do we know what we think we know about our own cognitive performance and personality traits?" Katsikitis, Mary (ed.) 39th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference 2004. Sydney, Australia 29 Sep - 03 Oct 2004 Melbourne, Australia. pp. 24-28
Reduced processing decision support for competent firefighters
Perry, Nathan, Wiggins, Mark, Childs, Merilyn and Fogarty, Gerard. 2009. "Reduced processing decision support for competent firefighters ." HFES 2009: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. San Antonio, United States 19 - 23 Oct 2009 London, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120905300445
Perceived discomfort in running: scale development and theoretical considerations
Tenenbaum, Gershon, Fogarty, Gerard J., Stewart, Evan, Calcagnini, Nick, Kirker, Barry, Thorne, Greg and Christensen, Steven A.. 1999. "Perceived discomfort in running: scale development and theoretical considerations." Journal of Sports Sciences. 17 (3), pp. 183-196.
What properly validated surveys can tell us about successful implementation of small business information systems
Armstrong, Bruce, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Dingsdag, Don. 2011. "What properly validated surveys can tell us about successful implementation of small business information systems." IBS Journal of Business & Research. 2, pp. 1-19.
Survey used in Fogarty and Shaw 2010 AAP article
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2010. Survey used in Fogarty and Shaw 2010 AAP article. University of Southern Queensland.
Coping mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and academic achievement
MacCann, Carolyn, Fogarty, Gerard J., Zeidner, Moshe and Roberts, Richard D.. 2011. "Coping mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and academic achievement." Contemporary Educational Psychology. 36 (1), pp. 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.11.002
Technology readiness and segmentation profile of mature consumers
Rose, Janelle and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2010. "Technology readiness and segmentation profile of mature consumers." Ogunmokun, Gabriel, Gabbay, Rony and Rose, Janelle (ed.) 4th Biennial Conference of the Academy of World Business, Marketing and Management Development. Finland 12 - 15 Jul 2010 Australia.
Safety culture in defence explosive ordnance: developing a safety climate measure
Murphy, Peter J. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2010. "Safety culture in defence explosive ordnance: developing a safety climate measure." Lescreve, F. (ed.) 52nd Annual Conference of the International Military Testing Association. Lucerne, Switzerland 27 Sep - 01 Oct 2010 Lucerne, Switzerland.
The role of health and well-being in safety performance
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2010. "The role of health and well-being in safety performance." Mrowinski, Vicky, Kyrios, Michael and Voudouris, Nicholas (ed.) 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology (ICAP 2010). Melbourne, Australia 11 - 16 Jul 2010 Melbourne, Australia.
A structural model linking commitment to organizational change and change success
Machin, M. Anthony and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2010. "A structural model linking commitment to organizational change and change success." Mrowinski, Vicky, Kyrios, Michael and Voudouris, Nicholas (ed.) 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology (ICAP 2010). Melbourne, Australia 11 - 16 Jul 2010 Melbourne, Australia.
Improving employee engagement, well-being and performance: new tools, interventions, and solutions
Machin, M. Anthony and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2010. "Improving employee engagement, well-being and performance: new tools, interventions, and solutions." Mrowinski, Vicky, Kyrios, Michael and Voudouris, Nicholas (ed.) 27th International Congress of Applied Psychology (ICAP 2010). Melbourne, Australia 11 - 16 Jul 2010 Melbourne, Australia.
Safety climate and the theory of planned behavior: towards the prediction of unsafe behavior
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Shaw, Andrew. 2010. "Safety climate and the theory of planned behavior: towards the prediction of unsafe behavior." Accident Analysis and Prevention. 42 (5), pp. 1455-1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.08.008
Organisational factors contributing to violations by rural and remote nurses during medication administration
McKeon, Christine M., Fogarty, Gerard J. and Hegney, Desley. 2003. "Organisational factors contributing to violations by rural and remote nurses during medication administration." Katsikitis, Mary (ed.) 38th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference 2003. Perth, Australia 02 - 05 Oct 2003 Melbourne, Australia.
The influence of fatigue and mood on cognitive failures
Chaney, Stephen and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2009. "The influence of fatigue and mood on cognitive failures." Voudouris, Nicholas and Mrowinski, Vicky (ed.) 44th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference (APS 2009). Darwin, Australia 30 Sep - 04 Oct 2009 Melbourne, Australia.
Understanding older consumers' usage of self-service technologies: test of two models
McPhail, Janelle, Fogarty, Gerard and Walker, Rhett H.. 2003. "Understanding older consumers' usage of self-service technologies: test of two models." Geursen, G., Kennedy, R. and Tolo, M. (ed.) ANZMAC 2003: Celebration of Ehrenberg and Bass: Marketing Discoveries, Knowledge and Contribution. Adelaide, Australia 01 - 03 Dec 2003 Melbourne, Austalia.
Organizational factors: impact on administration violations in rural nursing
McKeon, Christine, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Hegney, Desley. 2006. "Organizational factors: impact on administration violations in rural nursing." Journal of Advanced Nursing. 55 (1), pp. 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03880.x
Influence of language background on tests of cognitive abilities: Australian data
Carstairs, Jane R., Myors, Brett, Shores, E. Arthur and Fogarty, Gerard. 2006. "Influence of language background on tests of cognitive abilities: Australian data." Australian Psychologist. 41 (1), pp. 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060500391878
Leadership: the key to meaning and resilience on deployment?
Murphy, Peter J. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2009. "Leadership: the key to meaning and resilience on deployment?" Murphy, Peter J. (ed.) Focus on human performance in land operations, Vol. 1. Canberra, Australia. Australian Defence Force Psychology Organisation. pp. 92-101
Modelling the interactions among factors that influence successful computerisation of small businesses
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Armstrong, Bruce. 2009. "Modelling the interactions among factors that influence successful computerisation of small businesses." Australasian Journal of Information Systems. 15 (2), pp. 73-89.
Good to go? The human dimensions of mission readiness
Murphy, Peter J. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2009. "Good to go? The human dimensions of mission readiness." Murphy, Peter J. (ed.) Focus on human performance in land operations, Vol. 1. Canberra, Australia. Australian Defence Force Psychology Organisation. pp. 46-55
Cognitive and personality predictors of financial literacy among adult Australians
Noon, Kathryn L. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2007. "Cognitive and personality predictors of financial literacy among adult Australians." Moore, Kate (ed.) 42nd Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference 2007. Brisbane, Australia 25 - 29 Sep 2007 Melbourne, Australia.
Predicting employees' commitment to and support for organisational change
Machin, M. Anthony, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Bannon, Steven F.. 2009. "Predicting employees' commitment to and support for organisational change." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Organisational Psychology. 2 (1), pp. 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajop.2.1.10
Patient safety during medication administration: the influence of organizational and individual variables on unsafe work practices and medication errors
Fogarty, Gerard J. and McKeon, Christine. 2006. "Patient safety during medication administration: the influence of organizational and individual variables on unsafe work practices and medication errors." Ergonomics: an international journal of research and practice in human factors and ergonomics. 49 (5-6), pp. 444-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130600568410
Factors that influence career decision-making among elite athletes
Fogarty, Gerard J. and McGregor-Bayne, Heather. 2008. "Factors that influence career decision-making among elite athletes." Australian Journal of Career Development. 17 (3), pp. 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/103841620801700306
Research on the Progressive Achievement Tests and academic achievement in secondary schools
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2007. Research on the Progressive Achievement Tests and academic achievement in secondary schools. Melbourne, Australia. Australian Council for Educational Research.
Motivation for youth participation in sport and physical activity: relationships to culture, self-reported activity levels, and gender
Weinberg, Robert, Tenenbaum, Gershon, McKenzie, Alex, Jackson, Susan, Anshel, Mark, Grove, Robert and Fogarty, Gerald. 2000. "Motivation for youth participation in sport and physical activity: relationships to culture, self-reported activity levels, and gender." International Journal of Sport Psychology. 31, pp. 321-346.
Within-group norming: Just because it might be legal, doesn't mean we should do it
Fogarty, G.. 2003. "Within-group norming: Just because it might be legal, doesn't mean we should do it." Reddy , P., Langan-Fox, J. and Code, S. (ed.) 5th Australian Industrial and Organisational Psychology Conference 2003: Advancing Creative Solutions in Science and Practice. Melbourne, Australia 26 - 29 Jun 2003 United Kingdom.
The influence of transfer climate and transfer enhancement activities on the implementation of aviation team training
Machin, M. A. and Fogarty, G. J.. 1999. "The influence of transfer climate and transfer enhancement activities on the implementation of aviation team training." Crassini, B. (ed.) 3rd Australian Industrial and Organisational Psychology Conference 1999. Brisbane, Australia 26 - 27 Jun 1999 Melbourne, Australia.
Financial literacy: a psychologist's perspective on an emerging societal problem in Australia
Fogarty, Gerard J. and MacCarthy, Karina. 2006. "Financial literacy: a psychologist's perspective on an emerging societal problem in Australia." Katsikitis, Mary (ed.) Psychology Bridging the Tasman: Science, Culture and Practice 2006. Auckland, New Zealand 26 - 30 Sep 2006 Melbourne, Australia.
Psychological skills training in golf: the role of individual differences in cognitive preferences
Thomas, Patrick R. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1997. "Psychological skills training in golf: the role of individual differences in cognitive preferences." The Sport Psychologist. 11 (1), pp. 86-106.
Using the Personal Orientation Inventory to measure change in student self-actualisation
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1994. "Using the Personal Orientation Inventory to measure change in student self-actualisation ." Personality and Individual Differences. 17 (3), pp. 435-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90290-9
Predicting occupational strain and job satisfaction: the role of stress, coping, personality, and affectivity variables
Fogarty, Gerard J., Machin, M. Anthony, Albion, Majella J., Sutherland, Lynette F., Lalor, Gabrielle I. and Revitt, Susan. 1999. "Predicting occupational strain and job satisfaction: the role of stress, coping, personality, and affectivity variables." Journal of Vocational Behavior. 54 (3), pp. 429-452. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1670
The relationship of work support and work demands to individual outcomes and absenteeism of rural nurses
Machin, M. Anthony, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Albion, Majella J.. 2004. "The relationship of work support and work demands to individual outcomes and absenteeism of rural nurses." 36th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference. Adelaide, Australia 21 - 24 Sep 2001
Benchmarking occupational stressors and strain levels for rural nurses and other health sector workers
Albion, Majella J., Fogarty, Gerard J. and Machin, M. Anthony. 2005. "Benchmarking occupational stressors and strain levels for rural nurses and other health sector workers." Journal of Nursing Management. 13 (5), pp. 411-418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2005.00538.x
Mature Australian consumers' adoption and consumption of self-service banking technologies
McPhail, Janelle and Fogarty, Gerard. 2004. "Mature Australian consumers' adoption and consumption of self-service banking technologies." Journal of Financial Services Marketing. 8 (4), pp. 302-313.
Safety climate and the theory of planned behaviour: towards the prediction of unsafe behaviour
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Shaw, Andrew. 2003. "Safety climate and the theory of planned behaviour: towards the prediction of unsafe behaviour." Reddy, P., Langan-Fox, J. and Code, S. (ed.) 5th Australian Industrial and Organisational Psychology Conference 2003: Advancing Creative Solutions in Science and Practice. Melbourne, Australia 26 - 29 Jun 2003 Melbourne, Australia.
Analysing Problem Solving Behaviour of Successful and Unsuccessful Statistics Students
Hauff, Helen M. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1996. "Analysing Problem Solving Behaviour of Successful and Unsuccessful Statistics Students." Instructional Science. 24 (6), pp. 397-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00125577
MATLAB in early undergraduate mathematics: an investigation into the effects of scientific software learning
Cretchley, Patricia, Harman, Chris, Ellerton, Nerida and Fogarty, Gerard. 2000. "MATLAB in early undergraduate mathematics: an investigation into the effects of scientific software learning." Mathematics Education Research Journal. 12 (3), pp. 219-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03217086