Bullying in the Military: Do the Effects on Mental Health and Wellbeing Depend on the Source?

Article

Steele, Nicole M., Fogarty, Gerard J. and Rodgers, Bryan. 2024. "Bullying in the Military: Do the Effects on Mental Health and Wellbeing Depend on the Source?" Military Behavioral Health. 12 (1), pp. 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2023.2253731
Article Title

Bullying in the Military: Do the Effects on Mental Health and Wellbeing Depend on the Source?

ERA Journal ID213696
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsSteele, Nicole M., Fogarty, Gerard J. and Rodgers, Bryan
Journal TitleMilitary Behavioral Health
Journal Citation12 (1), pp. 11-21
Number of Pages11
Year2024
PublisherRoutledge
Place of PublicationUnited States
ISSN2163-5781
2163-5803
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2023.2253731
Web Address (URL)https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21635781.2023.2253731
Abstract

The current study explored the prevalence and consequences of being bullied by coworkers, subordinates, and/or superiors within 21 Australian Defence Force units (N = 2,960). Data were collected as part of an organizational climate survey administered to each unit at the request of the unit commander. Bullying from multiple sources was more common than bullying from a single source, indicating climates of workplace bullying. Of the 945 respondents (31.9%) who reported experiencing workplace bullying, coworkers and superiors were the main sources either in isolation or in combination with other levels in the organization. Furthermore, there was evidence that the impact varied according to source. Compared to bullying from coworkers or subordinates, more detrimental effects were experienced when
superiors were the sole source of workplace bullying; 23.6% of respondents in this situation reported ongoing distress or having to seek medical/mental health care. The associations
between experiencing bullying and psychological distress, affective commitment, and job satisfaction were also stronger when superiors were the source of bullying. These results
emphasize the importance of supervisors showing respect to all employees. Bullying behaviors are likely to be copied, creating climates where bullying can come from multiple sources, with consequent negative effects on the targets of these behaviors.

KeywordsBullying; mobbing; harassment; military; source; perpetrator; psychological distress; mental health; commitment; satisfaction
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020520304. Health psychology
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Byline AffiliationsAustralian National University
Centre for Health Research
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Cretchley, Patricia, Harman, Chris, Ellerton, Nerida and Fogarty, Gerard. 2000. "MATLAB in early undergraduate mathematics: an investigation into the effects of scientific software learning." Mathematics Education Research Journal. 12 (3), pp. 219-233.
Motivation for youth participation in sport and physical activity: relationships to culture, self-reported activity levels, and gender
Weinberg, Robert, Tenenbaum, Gershon, McKenzie, Alex, Jackson, Susan, Anshel, Mark, Grove, Robert and Fogarty, Gerald. 2000. "Motivation for youth participation in sport and physical activity: relationships to culture, self-reported activity levels, and gender." International Journal of Sport Psychology. 31, pp. 321-346.
The effects of self-efficacy, motivation to transfer, and situational constraints on transfer intentions and transfer of training
Machin, Michael A. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1997. "The effects of self-efficacy, motivation to transfer, and situational constraints on transfer intentions and transfer of training." Performance Improvement Quarterly. 10 (2), pp. 98-115.
Within-group norming: Just because it might be legal, doesn't mean we should do it
Fogarty, G.. 2003. "Within-group norming: Just because it might be legal, doesn't mean we should do it." Reddy , P., Langan-Fox, J. and Code, S. (ed.) 5th Australian Industrial and Organisational Psychology Conference 2003: Advancing Creative Solutions in Science and Practice. Melbourne, Australia 26 - 29 Jun 2003 United Kingdom.
The influence of transfer climate and transfer enhancement activities on the implementation of aviation team training
Machin, M. A. and Fogarty, G. J.. 1999. "The influence of transfer climate and transfer enhancement activities on the implementation of aviation team training." Crassini, B. (ed.) 3rd Australian Industrial and Organisational Psychology Conference 1999. Brisbane, Australia 26 - 27 Jun 1999 Melbourne, Australia.
Calibration in tennis: the role of feedback and expertise
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Ross, Anthony. 2007. "Calibration in tennis: the role of feedback and expertise." Moore, Kate (ed.) 42nd Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference 2007. Brisbane, Australia 25 - 29 Sep 2007 Melbourne, Australia.
Construct validity of the profile of mood states - adolescents for use with adults
Terry, Peter C., Lane, Andrew M. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2003. "Construct validity of the profile of mood states - adolescents for use with adults." Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 4 (2), pp. 125-139.
Determinants of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in the technology acceptance model: senior consumers' adoption of self-service banking Technologies
Rose, Janelle and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2006. "Determinants of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in the technology acceptance model: senior consumers' adoption of self-service banking Technologies ." Ogunmokun, Gabriel, Gabbay, Rony and Rose, Janelle (ed.) 2nd Biennial Conference of the Academy of World Business, Marketing and Management Development: Business Across Borders in the 21st Century. Paris, France 10 - 13 Jul 2006 Perth, Western Australia.
Competing tasks as an index of intelligence
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Stankov, Lazar. 1982. "Competing tasks as an index of intelligence." Personality and Individual Differences. 3, pp. 407-422.
Timesharing in relation to broad ability domains
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1987. "Timesharing in relation to broad ability domains." Intelligence. 11 (3), pp. 207-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(87)90007-9
Financial literacy: a psychologist's perspective on an emerging societal problem in Australia
Fogarty, Gerard J. and MacCarthy, Karina. 2006. "Financial literacy: a psychologist's perspective on an emerging societal problem in Australia." Katsikitis, Mary (ed.) Psychology Bridging the Tasman: Science, Culture and Practice 2006. Auckland, New Zealand 26 - 30 Sep 2006 Melbourne, Australia.
Abilities involved in performance on competing tasks
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Stankov, Lazar. 1988. "Abilities involved in performance on competing tasks." Personality and Individual Differences. 9 (1), pp. 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(88)90028-1
Developing a model to predict aircraft maintenance performance
Fogarty, Gerard J., Saunders, Robert and Collyer, Robert. 1999. "Developing a model to predict aircraft maintenance performance." Jensen, Richard (ed.) The Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. Columbus, Ohio. Ohio State University Press. pp. 1-6
Psychological skills training in golf: the role of individual differences in cognitive preferences
Thomas, Patrick R. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1997. "Psychological skills training in golf: the role of individual differences in cognitive preferences." The Sport Psychologist. 11 (1), pp. 86-106.
Response bias in computerized tests
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1999. "Response bias in computerized tests." South Pacific Journal of Psychology. 10 (2), pp. 71-80.
A comparison of measures of preferred processing style: method or trait variance?
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Burton, Lorelle J.. 1996. "A comparison of measures of preferred processing style: method or trait variance?" Journal of Mental Imagery. 20 (3-4), pp. 87-112.
Differences between values of Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students
Fogarty, Gerard J. and White, Colin. 1994. "Differences between values of Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 25 (3), pp. 394-408.
Educational implications of the values held by Australian Aboriginal students
White, Colin and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2001. "Educational implications of the values held by Australian Aboriginal students." Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice. 2 (3), pp. 253-270.
The nature of stressors experienced by people with an intellectual disability
Bramston, Paul, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Cummins, Robert A.. 1999. "The nature of stressors experienced by people with an intellectual disability." Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 12 (1), pp. 1-10.
Using the Personal Orientation Inventory to measure change in student self-actualisation
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1994. "Using the Personal Orientation Inventory to measure change in student self-actualisation ." Personality and Individual Differences. 17 (3), pp. 435-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90290-9
Validation of a questionnaire to measure mathematics confidence, computer confidence, and attitudes to the use of technology for learning mathematics
Fogarty, Gerard J., Cretchley, Patricia, Harman, Chris, Ellerton, Nerida and Konki, Nissim. 2001. "Validation of a questionnaire to measure mathematics confidence, computer confidence, and attitudes to the use of technology for learning mathematics." Mathematics Education Research Journal. 13 (2), pp. 154-160.
The assessment of emotional distress experienced by people with mild intellectual disabilities: a study of different methodologies
Bramston, Paul and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2000. "The assessment of emotional distress experienced by people with mild intellectual disabilities: a study of different methodologies." Research in Developmental Disabilities. 21 (6), pp. 487-500.
Validation of the factor structure of the Interactions with Disabled Persons Scale.
Forlin, C., Fogarty, Gerard J. and Carroll, Annemaree. 1999. "Validation of the factor structure of the Interactions with Disabled Persons Scale." Australian Journal of Psychology. 51 (1), pp. 50-55.
Principles and applications of educational and psychological testing
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1999. "Principles and applications of educational and psychological testing." Athanasou, J. (ed.) Adult educational psychology. Sydney, Australia. Social Science Press (Thomson Learning). pp. 375-408
Measuring stress in the mildly intellectually handicapped: the factorial structure of the Subjective Stress Scale
Bramston, Paul and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1995. "Measuring stress in the mildly intellectually handicapped: the factorial structure of the Subjective Stress Scale." Research in Developmental Disabilities. 16 (2), pp. 117-131.
Validation of the lifestress inventory for people with a mild intellectual disability
Fogarty, Gerard J., Bramston, Paul and Cummins, Robert A.. 1997. "Validation of the lifestress inventory for people with a mild intellectual disability." Research in Developmental Disabilities. 18 (6), pp. 435-456.
The factor structure of visual imagery and spatial abilities
Burton, Lorelle J. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2003. "The factor structure of visual imagery and spatial abilities." Intelligence. 31 (3), pp. 289-318.
Time discounting in relation to career preferences
Saunders, Robert and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2001. "Time discounting in relation to career preferences ." Journal of Vocational Behavior. 58 (1), pp. 118-126. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2000.1758
Congruence as a predictor of occupational stress
Sutherland, Lynette F., Fogarty, Gerard J. and Pithers, Robert T.. 1995. "Congruence as a predictor of occupational stress." Journal of Vocational Behavior. 46 (3), pp. 292-309.
Predicting occupational strain and job satisfaction: the role of stress, coping, personality, and affectivity variables
Fogarty, Gerard J., Machin, M. Anthony, Albion, Majella J., Sutherland, Lynette F., Lalor, Gabrielle I. and Revitt, Susan. 1999. "Predicting occupational strain and job satisfaction: the role of stress, coping, personality, and affectivity variables." Journal of Vocational Behavior. 54 (3), pp. 429-452. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1670
Predicting aural performance in a tertiary music training programme
Buttsworth, Louise M., Fogarty, Gerard J. and Rorke, Peter C.. 1993. "Predicting aural performance in a tertiary music training programme." Psychology of Music. 21 (2), pp. 114-126.
Performance calibration in sport: implications for self-confidence and metacognitive biases
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Else, David. 2005. "Performance calibration in sport: implications for self-confidence and metacognitive biases." International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 3 (1), pp. 41-57.
Moving with the times: keeping up with trends in statistical analysis and research design
Tenenbaum, Gershon and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1999. "Moving with the times: keeping up with trends in statistical analysis and research design." Lidor, Ronnie and Bar-Eli, Michael (ed.) Sport psychology: linking theory and practice. Morgantown, WV, United States. Fitness Information Technology. pp. 59-79
Learning styles among mature age students: some comments on the approaches to studying inventory (ASI-S)
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Taylor, Janet A.. 1997. "Learning styles among mature age students: some comments on the approaches to studying inventory (ASI-S)." Higher Education Research and Development. 16 (3), pp. 321-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/0729436970160306
Intelligence: theories and issues
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1999. "Intelligence: theories and issues." Athanasou, J. (ed.) Adult educational psychology. Sydney, Australia. Social Science Press (Thomson Learning). pp. 183-210
The contribution to immediate serial recall of rehearsal, search speed, access to lexical memory, and phonological coding: an investigation at the construct level
Tehan, Gerald, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Ryan, Katherine. 2004. "The contribution to immediate serial recall of rehearsal, search speed, access to lexical memory, and phonological coding: an investigation at the construct level." Memory and Cognition. 32 (5), pp. 711-721.
The flow experience: a Rasch analysis of Jackson's Flow State Scale
Tenenbaum, Gershon, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Jackson, Susan. 1999. "The flow experience: a Rasch analysis of Jackson's Flow State Scale." Journal of Outcome Measurement. 3 (3), pp. 278-294.
The role of organizational and individual variables in aircraft maintenance performance
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2004. "The role of organizational and individual variables in aircraft maintenance performance." International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies. 4 (1), pp. 73-90.
Challenging the 'Law of diminishing returns'
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Stankov, Lazar. 1995. "Challenging the 'Law of diminishing returns'." Intelligence. 21 (2), pp. 157-176.
Assessing intonation skills in a tertiary music training programme
Fogarty, Gerard J., Buttsworth, Louise M. and Gearing, Phillip J.. 1996. "Assessing intonation skills in a tertiary music training programme." Psychology of Music. 24, pp. 157-170.
The war on error: psychology and aviation maintenance
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2005. "The war on error: psychology and aviation maintenance." Murphy, Peter J. (ed.) Focus on human factors in aviation. Canberra, Australia. Australian Defence Force Directorate of Flying Safety. pp. 78-82
Senior consumers' acceptance and adoption of self-service banking technologies: an Australian study
Rose, Janelle and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2005. "Senior consumers' acceptance and adoption of self-service banking technologies: an Australian study." SERVIG Research Conference 2005. Singapore 02 - 04 Jun 2005 Singapore.
Predicting performance on a situational judgement test: the role of communication skills, listening skills, and expertise
Strahan, Jeanne, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Machin, M. Anthony. 2005. "Predicting performance on a situational judgement test: the role of communication skills, listening skills, and expertise." Katsikitis, Mary (ed.) 40th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference 2005. Melbourne, Australia 28 Sep - 02 Oct 2005 Melbourne, Australia.
The relationship of work support and work demands to individual outcomes and absenteeism of rural nurses
Machin, M. Anthony, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Albion, Majella J.. 2004. "The relationship of work support and work demands to individual outcomes and absenteeism of rural nurses." 36th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference. Adelaide, Australia 21 - 24 Sep 2001
Assessing the antecedents of transfer intentions in a training context
Machin, M. Anthony and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2004. "Assessing the antecedents of transfer intentions in a training context." International Journal of Training and Development. 8 (3), pp. 222-236.
Assessing schematic knowledge of introductory probability theory
Birney, Damian P., Fogarty, Gerard J. and Plank, Ashley. 2005. "Assessing schematic knowledge of introductory probability theory." Instructional Science. 33 (4), pp. 341-366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-005-3198-7
Career decision making for young elite athletes: are we ahead on points?
Albion, Majella J. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2005. "Career decision making for young elite athletes: are we ahead on points?" Australian Journal of Career Development. 14 (1), pp. 51-62.
Benchmarking occupational stressors and strain levels for rural nurses and other health sector workers
Albion, Majella J., Fogarty, Gerard J. and Machin, M. Anthony. 2005. "Benchmarking occupational stressors and strain levels for rural nurses and other health sector workers." Journal of Nursing Management. 13 (5), pp. 411-418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2005.00538.x
Validation of a computer user satisfaction questionnaire to measure IS success in small business
Armstrong, Bruce, Fogarty, Gerard J., Dingsdag, Don and Dimbleby, Julian. 2005. "Validation of a computer user satisfaction questionnaire to measure IS success in small business." Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology. 37 (1), pp. 27-42.
Psychological strain mediates the impact of safety climate on maintenance errors
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2005. "Psychological strain mediates the impact of safety climate on maintenance errors." International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies. 5 (1), pp. 53-64.
Mature Australian consumers' adoption and consumption of self-service banking technologies
McPhail, Janelle and Fogarty, Gerard. 2004. "Mature Australian consumers' adoption and consumption of self-service banking technologies." Journal of Financial Services Marketing. 8 (4), pp. 302-313.
Safety climate and the theory of planned behaviour: towards the prediction of unsafe behaviour
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Shaw, Andrew. 2003. "Safety climate and the theory of planned behaviour: towards the prediction of unsafe behaviour." Reddy, P., Langan-Fox, J. and Code, S. (ed.) 5th Australian Industrial and Organisational Psychology Conference 2003: Advancing Creative Solutions in Science and Practice. Melbourne, Australia 26 - 29 Jun 2003 Melbourne, Australia.
Errors, violations, and reporting behaviour in aviation maintenance
Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2003. "Errors, violations, and reporting behaviour in aviation maintenance." Jensen, Richard (ed.) Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. Dayton, Ohio. Ohio State University Press. pp. 385-390
Modelling errors and violations in high-risk industries
Fogarty, Gerard J. and Worth, Elizabeth. 2003. "Modelling errors and violations in high-risk industries." Katsikitis, Mary (ed.) Proceedings of the 38th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference. Melbourne, Australia. Australian Psychological Society. pp. 65-69
Confidence in cognition and intrapersonal perception: do we know what we think we know about our own cognitive performance and personality traits?
Baker, Sandra F. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 2004. "Confidence in cognition and intrapersonal perception: do we know what we think we know about our own cognitive performance and personality traits?" Katsikitis, Mary (ed.) Proceedings of the 39th Australian Psychological Society Annual Conference: Psychological Science in Action. Melbourne, Australia. Australian Psychological Society. pp. 24-28
Analysing Problem Solving Behaviour of Successful and Unsuccessful Statistics Students
Hauff, Helen M. and Fogarty, Gerard J.. 1996. "Analysing Problem Solving Behaviour of Successful and Unsuccessful Statistics Students." Instructional Science. 24 (6), pp. 397-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00125577