Reclaiming university sovereignty: The case for Universocracy

Article

Wheeldon, A. and Whitty, J.. 2025. "Reclaiming university sovereignty: The case for Universocracy." Educational Philosophy and Theory.
Article Title

Reclaiming university sovereignty: The case for Universocracy

ERA Journal ID8380
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsWheeldon, A. and Whitty, J.
Journal TitleEducational Philosophy and Theory
Number of Pages15
Year2025
ISSN0013-1857
1469-5812
Web Address (URL)https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00131857.2025.2533363
Abstract

University communities have strayed from their democratic essence, breaching their social contract with society and prompting necessary calls for scrutiny. Students and faculty worldwide are protesting, highlighting this breach. Through a Rousseauian lens, this paper shows the breach occurs due to neoliberalism’s use of managerialism to usurp the rightful university sovereign body: academics, students, professional staff, and other university citizens.
Managerialism infiltrates university management structures that should represent the sovereign body and make decisions based on the general will of the community. Instead, it prioritizes self-interest and the commercial sector. In a Rousseauian sense, universities fail to uphold their legitimate sovereignty. We propose a Rousseauian
solution and introduce the concept of ‘Universocracy’ to demonstrate how democratic universities can operate. This framework insists that universities should be governed democratically rather than by a small group of executive managers driven by managerialism and commercial interests. Universocracy presents an alternative governance approach, challenging the false belief that there are no alternatives to managerialism. This shift is crucial to ensure
higher education continues to fulfil its social contract through a rightful sovereign body of knowledgeable and empowered university citizens.

KeywordsHigher education; social contract; rightful sovereignty; managerialism
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020390299. Education policy, sociology and philosophy not elsewhere classified
Byline AffiliationsSchool of Business
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/zyz6q/reclaiming-university-sovereignty-the-case-for-universocracy

Log in to edit
  • 0
    total views
  • 0
    total downloads
  • 0
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Acting, feeling, looking the part: social intelligence capabilities and associated specific behaviours of women in leadership
Bishop-Kinlyside, Zoe Kiane, Shrestha, Anup and Wheeldon, Anita Louise. 2025. "Acting, feeling, looking the part: social intelligence capabilities and associated specific behaviours of women in leadership ." Gender in Management: an international journal. 40 (4), pp. 620-638. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2024-0372
Examining decolonisation in global higher education: addressing another social contract breach in the absence of enduring institutional redress
Wheeldon, Anita and Sahay, Darshna. 2025. "Examining decolonisation in global higher education: addressing another social contract breach in the absence of enduring institutional redress." Globalisation, Societies and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2025.2510593
The Pragmatic Comportment Compass: Rethinking projectification in public sector projects
Rowe, Kevan M., Whitty, Stephen Jonathan and Wheeldon, Anita Louise. 2024. "The Pragmatic Comportment Compass: Rethinking projectification in public sector projects." Project Leadership and Society. 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2024.100152
Pulling the strings: the apparatus of university policy production
Margetts, Fiona, Whitty, Stephen Jonathan and Taylor, Brad. 2024. "Pulling the strings: the apparatus of university policy production." Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management. 46 (3), pp. 321-345. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2024.2344131
Creating authority and autonomy: Necessary dialectical tensions in public sector project management
Rowe, Kevan M., Whitty, Stephen Jonathan and van der Hoorn, Bronte. 2024. "Creating authority and autonomy: Necessary dialectical tensions in public sector project management." Project Leadership and Society. 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2024.100119
A leap of faith: overcoming doubt to do good when policy is absurd
Margetts, Fiona, Whitty, Stephen Jonathan and van der Hoorn, Bronte. 2024. "A leap of faith: overcoming doubt to do good when policy is absurd." Journal of Education Policy. 39 (2), pp. 191-213. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2023.2198488
Historical role preparedness: A Bourdieusian analysis of the differential positions of professional staff and academics in an Australian managerialised university
Wheeldon, Anita Louise, Whitty, Stephen Jonathan and van der Hoorn, Bronte. 2024. "Historical role preparedness: A Bourdieusian analysis of the differential positions of professional staff and academics in an Australian managerialised university." Educational Management Administration and Leadership. 53 (4), pp. 955-970. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432231191173
Playing With Power: Using Collage to Bring Reflexivity to Management Studies
Margetts, Fiona, van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, Jon. 2023. "Playing With Power: Using Collage to Bring Reflexivity to Management Studies." Sage Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529624762
Responsible Management Education in Business Schools – High on principles but low on action: A systematic literature review
Russo, Fiona, Wheeldon, Anita Louise, Shrestha, Anup and Saratchandra, Minu. 2023. "Responsible Management Education in Business Schools – High on principles but low on action: A systematic literature review." The International Journal of Management Education. 21 (3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100843
Burnt out by underinvestment: Why university professional staff suffer amidst the Australian work-integrated learning system
Wheeldon, Anita Louise, Whitty, Stephen Jonathan and van der Hoorn, Bronte. 2023. "Burnt out by underinvestment: Why university professional staff suffer amidst the Australian work-integrated learning system." International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning. 24 (1), pp. 99-115.
Partner Perspectives Matter: Lessons Learnt When Navigating Continued Pre-service Teacher Placements During Disruption
Leach, Tania and Wheeldon, Anita Louise. 2022. "Partner Perspectives Matter: Lessons Learnt When Navigating Continued Pre-service Teacher Placements During Disruption." Bradbury, Ondine Jayne and Acquaro, Daniela (ed.) School-University Partnerships — Innovation in Initial Teacher Education. Singapore. Springer. pp. 73-90
Fish-Out-of-Office: How managerialised university conditions makes administrative knowledge inaccessible to academics
Wheeldon, Anita Louise, Whitty, Stephen Jonathan and van der Hoorn, Bronte. 2023. "Fish-Out-of-Office: How managerialised university conditions makes administrative knowledge inaccessible to academics." Higher Education Quarterly. 77 (2), pp. 342-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12404
Centralising professional staff: is this another instrument of symbolic violence in the managerialised university?
Wheeldon, Anita Louise, Whitty, Stephen Jonathan and van der Hoorn, Bronte. 2023. "Centralising professional staff: is this another instrument of symbolic violence in the managerialised university?" Journal of Educational Administration and History. 55 (2), pp. 181-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220620.2022.2095993
Deconstructing the “Ph” in “PhD”
Whitty, S. Jonathan and van der Hoorn, Bronte. 2022. "Deconstructing the “Ph” in “PhD” ." Mulligan, Deborah L., Ryan, Naomi and Danaher, Patrick Alan (ed.) Deconstructing Doctoral Discourses: Stories and Strategies for Success. Switzerland . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129-143
The Destructuration of Academic Life: How Managerialism Colonises Universities with Symbolic Violence
Wheeldon, Anita Louise. 2022. The Destructuration of Academic Life: How Managerialism Colonises Universities with Symbolic Violence. PhD by Publication Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/q7qvz
Sham project compliance behaviour: necessarily masking the reality of project work from senior management
Darling, Eric, John and Whitty, Stephen, Jonathan. 2021. "Sham project compliance behaviour: necessarily masking the reality of project work from senior management." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 14 (2), pp. 497-519. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-05-2019-0118
The project-space model: enhancing sensemaking
van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2017. "The project-space model: enhancing sensemaking." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 10 (1), pp. 185-202. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-05-2016-0039
Drawing out critical conversations in the management classroom
van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, S. Jonathan. 2020. "Drawing out critical conversations in the management classroom." Virtual MOBTS 2020 Conference. Virtual 2020
Getting agile about wicked problems: An outcomes framework for local council community development initiatives
van der Hoorn, Bronte, Richards, Abbey, Downes, Brent and Whitty, S. Jonathan. 2019. "Getting agile about wicked problems: An outcomes framework for local council community development initiatives." 33rd Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (ANZAM 2019). Cairns, Australia 03 - 06 Dec 2019 Southport, Australia.
Practitioner views on project management methodology (PMM) effectiveness
McGrath, Stephen and Whitty, Jonathan. 2020. "Practitioner views on project management methodology (PMM) effectiveness." Journal of Modern Project Management. 8 (1), pp. 188-215.
Governance terminology confusion in management and project management reference documents
McGrath, Stephen Keith and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2019. "Governance terminology confusion in management and project management reference documents." Journal of Modern Project Management. 7 (3), pp. 146-171. https://doi.org/10.19255/JMPM02008
What do project management practitioners think governance is? A study on perceptions in Queensland, Australia
McGrath, Stephen Keith and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2020. "What do project management practitioners think governance is? A study on perceptions in Queensland, Australia." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 13 (5), pp. 961-980. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-09-2018-0180
A typology of meanings: practitioners views of ‘program'
McGrath, Stephen Keith and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2019. "A typology of meanings: practitioners views of ‘program'." Journal of Modern Project Management. 7 (2), pp. 228-245. https://doi.org/10.19255/JMPM02011
The suitability of MSP for engineering infrastructure
McGrath, Stephen and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2020. "The suitability of MSP for engineering infrastructure." Journal of Modern Project Management. 7 (4), pp. 348-368. https://doi.org/10.19255/JMPM02216
The suitability of PRINCE2 for engineering infrastructure
McGrath, Stephen and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2020. "The suitability of PRINCE2 for engineering infrastructure." Journal of Modern Project Management. 7 (4), pp. 312-347. https://doi.org/10.19255/JMPM02215
A model of projects as a source of stress at work: A case for scenario-based education and training
Darling, Eric John and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2020. "A model of projects as a source of stress at work: A case for scenario-based education and training." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 13 (2), pp. 426-451. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-01-2019-0003
Thinking systemically to mobilise IPD capability
van der Hoorn, Bronte, Whitty, Jonathan and Walker, Derek H. T.. 2020. "Thinking systemically to mobilise IPD capability." Walker, Derek H. T. and Rowlinson, Steve (ed.) Routledge handbook of integrated project delivery. London, United kingdom. Routledge. pp. 99-116
The five modes of comportment for project managing: disclosing the tacit in project work
van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, Stephen J.. 2019. "The five modes of comportment for project managing: disclosing the tacit in project work." International Journal of Project Management. 37 (3), pp. 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.01.009
Do steering committees really steer?
McGrath, Stephen Keith and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2019. "Do steering committees really steer?" International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 12 (3), pp. 785-807. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-04-2018-0064
The client-side project manager: a practitioner of Design Thinking
Usher, Greg and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2018. "The client-side project manager: a practitioner of Design Thinking." Project Management Research and Practice. 5. https://doi.org/10.5130/pmrp.v5i0.6147
What is a program: an examination of terminology in practitioner reference documents
McGrath, Stephen Keith and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2019. "What is a program: an examination of terminology in practitioner reference documents." Journal of Modern Project Management. 6 (3), pp. 6-27. https://doi.org/10.19255/JMPM01801
The Practitioner’s Tapestry: Revealing the epistemological diversity to project management knowledge
Krusi, Markus and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2019. "The Practitioner’s Tapestry: Revealing the epistemological diversity to project management knowledge ." Journal of Modern Project Management. 7 (2), pp. 196-226.
Accountability and responsibility defined
McGrath, Stephen Keith and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2018. "Accountability and responsibility defined." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 11 (3), pp. 687-707. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-06-2017-0058
The final state convergence model
Usher, Gregory and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2017. "The final state convergence model." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 10 (4), pp. 770-795. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-11-2016-0090
A 'lived experienced’ tool for managing and building project delivery capability
van der Hoorn, Bronte, Duffield, Stephen and Whitty, S. Jonathan. 2016. "A 'lived experienced’ tool for managing and building project delivery capability." 30th Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (ANZAM 2016). Brisbane, Australia 06 - 09 Dec 2016 Australia.
Project management Yinyang: coupling project success and client satisfaction
Usher, Greg and Whitty, Stephen Jon. 2017. "Project management Yinyang: coupling project success and client satisfaction." Project Management Research and Practice. 4 (January-June). https://doi.org/10.5130/pmrp.v4i0.5523
Stakeholder defined
McGrath, Stephen Keith and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2017. "Stakeholder defined." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 10 (4), pp. 721-748. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-12-2016-0097
The praxis of ‘alignment seeking’ in project work
van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, Stephen J.. 2017. "The praxis of ‘alignment seeking’ in project work." International Journal of Project Management. 35 (6), pp. 978-993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.04.011
Identifying and managing drift-changes
Usher, Greg and Whitty, Stephen J.. 2017. "Identifying and managing drift-changes." International Journal of Project Management. 35 (4), pp. 586-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2017.02.015
The private life of project managers - the social struggle
Whitty, S. Jonathan. 2011. "The private life of project managers - the social struggle." PMOz 2011 Incorporating the PMI Australia National Conference: Project Management at the Speed of Light. Sydney, Australia Sydney, Australia.
The project manager is condemned to be free: a continental model of angst in projects
van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, Jon. 2015. "The project manager is condemned to be free: a continental model of angst in projects." IRNOP 2015: Building Partnerships Though the Power of Projects. London, United Kingdom 21 - 24 Jun 2015 London, United Kingdom.
Chocolates, cats, dips and loops: the lived experience of managing projects
van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, Jon. 2015. "Chocolates, cats, dips and loops: the lived experience of managing projects." IRNOP 2015: Building Partnerships Though the Power of Projects. London, United Kingdom 21 - 24 Jun 2015 London, United Kingdom.
Talking with Russian Dolls: revealing the project 'lived experience' through Heidegger’s spatiality and temporality
van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, S. Jonathan. 2015. "Talking with Russian Dolls: revealing the project 'lived experience' through Heidegger’s spatiality and temporality." APROS/EGOS Conference 2015: Spaces, Constraints, Creativities: Organization and Disorganization. Sydney, Australia 09 - 11 Dec 2015 Sydney, Australia.
From the project manager’s desk: the ‘lived experience’ disclosed
van der Hoorn, B. and Whitty, S. J.. 2015. "From the project manager’s desk: the ‘lived experience’ disclosed." APROS/EGOS Conference 2015: Spaces, Constraints, Creativities: Organization and Disorganization. Sydney, Australia 09 - 11 Dec 2015 Sydney, Australia.
Reconceptualising project management methodologies for a post-postmodern era
McKenna, Terry and Whitty, S. Jonathan. 2012. "Reconceptualising project management methodologies for a post-postmodern era." PMOz 2012 Incorporating the PMI Australia National Conference. Melbourne, Australia 15 - 16 Aug 2012 South Brisbane, Australia.
A systemic lessons learned and captured knowledge (SLLCK) model for project organizations
Duffield, Stephen and Whitty, Jonathan. 2012. "A systemic lessons learned and captured knowledge (SLLCK) model for project organizations." 9th Annual Project Management Australia Conference (PMOz 2012). Melbourne, Australia 15 - 16 Aug 2012 South Brisbane, Australia.
Let’s discuss aesthetics for projects
van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, Jon. 2016. "Let’s discuss aesthetics for projects." Project Management Journal. 47 (3), pp. 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/875697281604700306
The project management office: it’s just not what it used to be
Darling, Eric John and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2016. "The project management office: it’s just not what it used to be." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 9 (2), pp. 282-308. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-08-2015-0083
Projectyness: a spectrum of greater or lesser capability
van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, Stephen J.. 2016. "Projectyness: a spectrum of greater or lesser capability." International Journal of Project Management. 34 (6), pp. 970-982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.05.003
Redefining governance: from confusion to certainty and clarity
McGrath, Stephen Keith and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2015. "Redefining governance: from confusion to certainty and clarity." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 8 (4), pp. 755-787. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-10-2014-0071
Signs to dogma: a Heideggerian view of how artefacts distort the project world
van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, Stephen J.. 2015. "Signs to dogma: a Heideggerian view of how artefacts distort the project world." International Journal of Project Management. 33 (6), pp. 1206-1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.02.011
A Heideggerian paradigm for project management: breaking free of the disciplinary matrix and its Cartesian ontology
van der Hoorn, Bronte and Whitty, Stephen J.. 2015. "A Heideggerian paradigm for project management: breaking free of the disciplinary matrix and its Cartesian ontology." International Journal of Project Management. 33 (4), pp. 721-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.09.007
Developing a systemic lessons learned knowledge model for organisational learning through projects
Duffield, Stephen and Whitty, S. Jonathan. 2015. "Developing a systemic lessons learned knowledge model for organisational learning through projects." International Journal of Project Management. 33 (2), pp. 311-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.07.004
Aged care informatics: exploring the role of information, knowledge and aged care management
Hume, Margee, Soar, Jeffrey, Whitty, S. Jonathan, Hume, Craig, El Sayed, Faeka and Johnston, Paul. 2014. "Aged care informatics: exploring the role of information, knowledge and aged care management." International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems. 10 (2), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijeis.2014040101
Agile is not the end-game of project management methodologies
McKenna, T. and Whitty, S. J.. 2013. "Agile is not the end-game of project management methodologies." 10th Annual Project Management Australia Conference (PMOz 2013): Projects Driving and Sustaining the Future of the Australian Economy. Melbourne, Australia 17 - 18 Sep 2013 Melbourne, Australia.
Do steering committees and boards constitute good project governance?
McGrath, S. K. and Whitty, S. J.. 2013. "Do steering committees and boards constitute good project governance?" 10th Annual Project Management Australia Conference (PMOz 2013): Projects Driving and Sustaining the Future of the Australian Economy. Melbourne, Australia 17 - 18 Sep 2013 Melbourne, Australia.
Complexity and project managers' competencies
Maylor, Harvey and Whitty, Stephen. 2007. "Complexity and project managers' competencies." 7th International Research Workshop on Project Management. Lille, France Aug 2007
Thinking in slow motion about project management
Whitty, Jonathan. 2013. "Thinking in slow motion about project management." Drouin, Nathalie, Muller, Ralf and Sankaran, Shankar (ed.) Novel approaches to organizational project management research: translational and transformational. Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen Business School Press. pp. 95-116
Existentialism, evolution, and the matter of project management enquiry
Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2011. "Existentialism, evolution, and the matter of project management enquiry." 25th IPMA World Congress: Project Management - Delivering the Promise. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 12 Oct 2011 Sydney, Australia.
How to train your manager: a Darwinian perspective
Whitty, S. Jonathan. 2011. "How to train your manager: a Darwinian perspective." Bourne, Lynda (ed.) Advising upwards: a framework for understanding and engaging senior management stakeholders. Farnham, Surrey, UK. Gower. pp. 243-268
Insights from complexity for organisations
Whitty, Jon. 2011. "Insights from complexity for organisations." Building Business Communities: Justice, Performance and Change Creating a Sustainable Scholarly Community Colloquia (2011). Brisbane, Australia 09 Nov 2011 Toowoomba, Australia.
New philosophy of project management: an investigation into the prevalence of modern project management by means of an evolutionary framework
Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2009. New philosophy of project management: an investigation into the prevalence of modern project management by means of an evolutionary framework . PhD by Publication Doctor of Philosophy. University of Queensland .
It's just absurd [In my view]
Whitty, Jon. 2006. "It's just absurd [In my view]." Project: The Voice of Project Management.
'C' for craftsmanship not 'C' for complexity
Whitty, S. Jonathan. 2008. "'C' for craftsmanship not 'C' for complexity." Kardon, J. (ed.) PMI 2008: PMI Global Congress Asia Pacific. Sydney, Australia 03 - 05 Mar 2008 Newtown Square, PA, USA.
On a new philosophy of project management: an investigation into the prevalence of modern project management by means of an evolutionary framework
Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2011. "On a new philosophy of project management: an investigation into the prevalence of modern project management by means of an evolutionary framework." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 4 (3), pp. 524-533. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538371111144210
21st century project management: open source body of knowledge
Whitty, S. Jonathan. 2010. "21st century project management: open source body of knowledge." 7th Annual Project Management Australia Conference (PMOz 2010): Building on the Global Recovery. Brisbane, Australia 23 - 26 Aug 2010 Sydney, Australia.
And then came complex project management
Whitty, S. Jonathan and Maylor, Harvey. 2007. "And then came complex project management." Kisielnicki, J. A. and Sroka, S. (ed.) 21st IPMA World Congress on Project Management. Cracow, Poland 18 - 20 Jun 2007 BD Nijkerk, Netherlands.
The PM BOK Code
Whitty, S. J. and Schulz, M. F.. 2006. "The PM BOK Code." Turner, Rodney (ed.) 20th IPMA World Congress on Project Management. Shanghai, China 15 - 17 Oct 2006 BD Nijkerk, The Netherlands.
Engineering project management: doing not teaching
Ziemski, Marcin and Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2005. "Engineering project management: doing not teaching." Moscinski, Jerzy and Obracaj, Danuta (ed.) ICEE 2005: Global Education Interlink. Gliwice, Poland 25 - 29 Jul 2005 Gliwice, Poland.
Project management artefacts and the affective emotions they evoke
Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2010. "Project management artefacts and the affective emotions they evoke." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 3 (1), pp. 22-45. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538371011014017
Team project: a method of teaching project management?
Whitty, S. J. and Schulz, M.. 2005. "Team project: a method of teaching project management?" Love, P. and Baccarini, D. (ed.) Australian Institute of Project Managers 2005 Conference. Melbourne, Australia 09 - 11 Oct 2005 Sydney, Australia.
The impact of Puritan ideology on aspects of project management
Whitty, Stephen Jonathan and Schulz, Mark Frederick. 2007. "The impact of Puritan ideology on aspects of project management." International Journal of Project Management. 25 (1), pp. 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2006.05.002
A memetic paradigm of project management
Whitty, Stephen Jonathan. 2005. "A memetic paradigm of project management." International Journal of Project Management. 23 (8), pp. 575-583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.06.005
And then came complex project management (revised)
Whitty, Stephen Jonathan and Maylor, Harvey. 2009. "And then came complex project management (revised)." International Journal of Project Management. 27 (3), pp. 304-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.03.004