Putative Tissue-Based Biomarkers of Male Genital Lichen Sclerosus—A Systematic Literature Review

Article

Desai, D., Reinke, A., Stehr, E., Whiteside, E. J., De Win, G. and Windus, L. C. E.. 2025. "Putative Tissue-Based Biomarkers of Male Genital Lichen Sclerosus—A Systematic Literature Review." Australasian Journal of Dermatology. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.70005
Article Title

Putative Tissue-Based Biomarkers of Male Genital Lichen Sclerosus—A Systematic Literature Review

ERA Journal ID15756
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsDesai, D., Reinke, A., Stehr, E., Whiteside, E. J., De Win, G. and Windus, L. C. E.
Journal TitleAustralasian Journal of Dermatology
Number of Pages10
Year2025
PublisherJohn Wiley & Sons
Place of PublicationAustralia
ISSN0004-8380
1440-0960
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1111/ajd.70005
Web Address (URL)https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajd.70005
Abstract

Male genital lichen sclerosis (mGLS) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease with potential complications including urethral strictures and penile cancer. Despite its clinical significance, the molecular mechanisms underlying mGLS remain poorly understood, and male-specific data are limited. This systematic review consolidates current evidence on tissue-based gene and protein expression in mGLS, aiming to identify commonly investigated biomarkers and highlight gaps in the literature. Using the JBI Sumari interface, our research strategy identified a total of 24 studies with considerable variability in targets and methodologies. Only a small subset of 12 genes and proteins was assessed and only one gene, p16, was assessed across multiple studies, limiting the strength of conclusions. QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to explore canonical pathways and disease associations linked to reported biomarkers. While preliminary patterns suggest involvement of inflammatory and fibrotic pathways, further research is needed to validate these findings and assess their diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic potential. This review provides a foundation for future studies focused on improving molecular understanding and clinical management of mGLS.

Keywordsmale lichen sclerosus; circumcision; urethral stricture; phimosis; penile cancer
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020329999. Other biomedical and clinical sciences not elsewhere classified
429999. Other health sciences not elsewhere classified
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Byline AffiliationsSchool of Health, Psychological & Medical Sciences - Health & Medical Sciences
Toowoomba Hospital, Australia
Institute for Health
Centre for Future Materials
Prince Charles Hospital, Australia
University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Windus, Louisa C. E., Kiss, Debra L., Glover, Tristan T. and Avery, Vicky M.. 2012. "In vivo biomarker expression patterns are preserved in 3D cultures of Prostate Cancer." Experimental Cell Research. 318 (19), pp. 2507-2519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.07.013
Correction of aberrant axon growth in the developing mouse olfactory bulb
Chan, C., Ekberg, J., Lineburg, K., Scott, S., Chehrehasa, F., Windus, L., Claxton, C., Mackay-Sim, A., Key, B. and St John, J.. 2011. "Correction of aberrant axon growth in the developing mouse olfactory bulb." Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 46 (1), pp. 282-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2010.09.012
OMP-ZsGreen fluorescent protein transgenic mice for visualisation of olfactory sensory neurons in vivo and in vitro
Ekberg, J., Amaya, D., Chehrehasa, F., Lineburg, K., Claxton, C., Windus, Louisa C. E., Key, B., Mackay-Sim, A. and St John, J.. 2011. "OMP-ZsGreen fluorescent protein transgenic mice for visualisation of olfactory sensory neurons in vivo and in vitro." Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 196 (1), pp. 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.008
Stimulation of olfactory ensheathing cell motility enhances olfactory axon growth
Windus, Louisa C. E., Chehrehasa, Fatemah, Lineburg, Katie, Claxton, Christina, Mackay-Sim, Alan, Key, Brian and St John, James. 2011. "Stimulation of olfactory ensheathing cell motility enhances olfactory axon growth." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 68 (19), pp. 3233-3247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-011-0630-9
Copper, Nickel, and Zinc Cyclam−Amino Acid and Cyclam−Peptide Complexes May Be Synthesized with 'Click' Chemistry and Are Noncytotoxic
Yu, Mingfeng, Price, Jason, Jensen, Paul D., Lovitt, Carrie J., Shelper, Todd, Duffy, Sandra, Windus, Louisa C., Avery, Vicky, Rutledge, Peter and Todd, Matthew. 2011. "Copper, Nickel, and Zinc Cyclam−Amino Acid and Cyclam−Peptide Complexes May Be Synthesized with 'Click' Chemistry and Are Noncytotoxic." Inorganic Chemistry: including bioinorganic chemistry. 50, pp. 12823-12835. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic2020012
Lamellipodia mediate the heterogeneity of central olfactory ensheathing cell interactions
Windus, Louisa C. E., Lineburg, Katie, Scott, Susan, Claxton, Christina, Mackay-Sim, Alan, Key, Brian and St John, James. 2010. "Lamellipodia mediate the heterogeneity of central olfactory ensheathing cell interactions." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 67 (10), pp. 1735-1750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-010-0280-3
Olfactory glia enhance neonatal axon regeneration
Chehrehasa, Fatemah, Windus, Louisa C. E., Ekberg, Jenny, Scott, Susan, Amaya, Daniel, Mackay-Sim, Alan and St John, James. 2010. "Olfactory glia enhance neonatal axon regeneration." Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 45 (3), pp. 277-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2010.07.002
Motile membrane protrusions regulate cell-cell adhesion and migration of olfactory ensheathing glia
Windus, Louisa C. E., Claxton, C., Allen, C., Key, B. and St John, J.. 2007. "Motile membrane protrusions regulate cell-cell adhesion and migration of olfactory ensheathing glia." Glia. 55 (15), pp. 1708-1719. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.20586
Expression profiling in monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder reveals dysregulation of the WNT signalling pathway
Matigan, N., Windus, L., Smith, H., Filippich, C., Pantelis, C., McGrath, J., Mowry, B. and Hayward, N.. 2007. "Expression profiling in monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder reveals dysregulation of the WNT signalling pathway." Molecular Psychiatry. 12 (9), pp. 815-825. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001998
Evidence of altered prefrontal–thalamic circuitry in schizophrenia: An optimized diffusion MRI study
Rose, S., Chalk, J., Janke, A., Strudwick, M., Windus, Louisa C., Hannah, D., McGrath, J., Pantelis, C., Wood, S. and Mowry, B.. 2006. "Evidence of altered prefrontal–thalamic circuitry in schizophrenia: An optimized diffusion MRI study." NeuroImage. 32 (1), pp. 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.003
Separate and interacting effects within the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are associated with schizophrenia
Handoko, HY, Nyholt, DR, Hayward, NK, Nertney, DA, Hannah, DE, Windus, LC, McCormack, CM, Smith, HJ, Flippich, C, James, MR and Mowry, BJ. 2004. "Separate and interacting effects within the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are associated with schizophrenia." Molecular Psychiatry. 10 (6), pp. 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001606
Functional growth hormone (GH) receptors and GH are expressed by preimplantation mouse embryos: a role for GH in early embryogenesis?
Pantaleon, M., Whiteside, E. J., Harvey, M.B., Barnard, R.T., Waters, M.J. and Kaye, P.L.. 1997. "Functional growth hormone (GH) receptors and GH are expressed by preimplantation mouse embryos: a role for GH in early embryogenesis?" University of Adelaide. 94 (10), pp. 5125-5130. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.10.5125