Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology

Textbook

Chruscik, Anna, Kauter, Kate, Windus, Louisa, Whiteside, Eliza and Dooley, Leanne. 2021. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology . Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Book Title

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology

Book CategoryTextbook
AuthorsChruscik, Anna (Author), Kauter, Kate (Author), Windus, Louisa (Author), Whiteside, Eliza and Dooley, Leanne (Other)
Number of Pages1437
Year2021
PublisherUniversity of Southern Queensland
Place of PublicationAustralia
ISBN9780648769859
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.26192/q6v2w
Web Address (URL)https://usq.pressbooks.pub/anatomy/
Abstract

The University of Southern Queensland (USQ) is committed to advancing the use of open textbooks in higher education. This textbook is a tool to support first year anatomy and physiology courses taught in Australia, aiming to provide students with an increased access to free, high-quality learning materials. The material in this textbook is largely based on OpenStax’s Anatomy & Physiology textbook, however, has been modified for Australian course curriculum. The coverage and scope of the current text includes:
1. Levels of organisation, homeostasis and nomenclature
2. Cells: structure and reproduction
3. Tissues, organs, and Systems
4. Integumentary System
5. Blood
6. Cardiovascular system
7. Lymphatic system and immunity
8. Respiratory systems
9. Muscle system
10. Skeletal system
11. Musculoskeletal system
12. Digestive system
13. Nervous system
14. Endocrine system
15. Reproductive System
16. Pregnancy and human development
17. Urinary system

KeywordsUniSQ opentext; anatomy, physiology, OER, textbook
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020320803. Systems physiology
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Southern Queensland
School of Health and Wellbeing
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Cookson, S. M., Godwin, I. R., McFarlane, J. R., Kauter, K. G., Ciller, U., Ciller, I. M. and Metcalfe, K. E.. 2008. "The effects of intravenous glucose and fructose on insulin levels in sheep." Nutrition Society of Australia Conference (2008). Glenelg, Australia 30 Nov - 03 Dec 2008
Modulation of leukocyte hsp70 expression by gender, menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptives
Agnew, L. L., Colditz, I. G., Rae, K., Kauter, K. G., McFarlane, J. R. and Watson, K.. 2009. "Modulation of leukocyte hsp70 expression by gender, menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptives." Sato, Noriyuki (ed.) 4th International Congress on Stress Responses in Biology and Medicine (CSSI 2009): Hallmarks and New Horizons in Biomedical Stress Responses. Sapporo, Japan 06 - 09 Oct 2009 Storrs, CT. United States.
Adrenaline, insulin and glucagon do not have acute effects on plasma leptin levels in sheep: development and characterisation of an ovine leptin ELISA
Kauter, K., Ball, M., Kearney, P., Tellam, R. and McFarlane, J. R.. 2000. "Adrenaline, insulin and glucagon do not have acute effects on plasma leptin levels in sheep: development and characterisation of an ovine leptin ELISA." Journal of Endocrinology. 166 (1), pp. 127-135.
Chronic l-arginine treatment improves metabolic, cardiovascular and liver complications in diet-induced obesity in rats
Alam, Md. Ashraful, Kauter, Kathleen, Withers, Kerry, Sernia, Conrad and Brown, Lindsay. 2013. "Chronic l-arginine treatment improves metabolic, cardiovascular and liver complications in diet-induced obesity in rats." Food and Function. 4 (1), pp. 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2fo30096f
Naringin improves diet-induced cardiovascular dysfunction and obesity in high carbohydrate, high fat diet-fed rats
Alam, Md. Ashraful, Kauter, Kathleen and Brown, Lindsay. 2013. "Naringin improves diet-induced cardiovascular dysfunction and obesity in high carbohydrate, high fat diet-fed rats." Nutrients. 5 (3), pp. 637-650. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5030637
Caffeine attenuates metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese rats
Panchal, Sunil K., Wong, Weng-Yew, Kauter, Kate, Ward, Leigh C. and Brown, Lindsay. 2012. "Caffeine attenuates metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese rats." Nutrition. 28 (10), pp. 1055-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.013
Chemokine receptor expression on integrin-mediated stellate projections of prostate cancer cells in 3D culture
Kiss, Debra, Windus, Louisa C. E. and Avery, Vicky. 2013. "Chemokine receptor expression on integrin-mediated stellate projections of prostate cancer cells in 3D culture." Cytokine. 64 (1), pp. 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2013.07.012
Bone-stromal cells up-regulate tumourigenic markers in a tumour-stromal 3D model of prostate cancer
Windus, Louisa C. E., Glover, Tristan T. and Avery, V.. 2013. "Bone-stromal cells up-regulate tumourigenic markers in a tumour-stromal 3D model of prostate cancer." Molecular Cancer. 12, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-12-112
PCaAnalyser: A 2D-Image Analysis Based Module for Effective Determination of Prostate Cancer Progression in 3D Culture
Hoque, Md Tamjidul, Windus, Louisa C. E., Lovitt, Carrie J. and Avery, Vicky. 2013. "PCaAnalyser: A 2D-Image Analysis Based Module for Effective Determination of Prostate Cancer Progression in 3D Culture." PLoS One. 8 (11), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079865
Gender differences in metabolic syndrome - a key research issue
Iyer, Abishek, Kauter, Kathleen and Brown, Lindsay. 2011. "Gender differences in metabolic syndrome - a key research issue." Endocrine, Metabolic and Immune Disorders: Drug Targets. 11 (3), pp. 182-188.
Pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase ameliorates diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats
Iyer, Abishek, Kauter, Kathleen, Alam, Md. Ashraful, Hwang, Sung Hee, Morisseau, Christophe, Hammock, Bruce D. and Brown, Lindsay. 2012. "Pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase ameliorates diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats." Experimental Diabetes Research. 2012, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/758614
In vivo biomarker expression patterns are preserved in 3D cultures of Prostate Cancer
Windus, Louisa C. E., Kiss, Debra L., Glover, Tristan T. and Avery, Vicky M.. 2012. "In vivo biomarker expression patterns are preserved in 3D cultures of Prostate Cancer." Experimental Cell Research. 318 (19), pp. 2507-2519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.07.013
Echinacea induced hsp70 alterations in leukocytes
Agnew, L., Matthias, A., Shipp, C., Kauter, K., Bone, K., Watson, K. and Lehmann, R.. 2010. "Echinacea induced hsp70 alterations in leukocytes." Melzig, Matthias F. and Kolodziej, Herbert (ed.) 7th Tannin Conference/58th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant Product Research. Berlin, Germany 29 Aug - 02 Sep 2010 Stuttgart, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1264927
High-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular remodeling in rats
Panchal, Sunil K., Poudyal, Hemant, Iyer, Abishek, Nazer, Reeza, Alam, Md. Ashraful, Diwan, Vishal, Kauter, Kathleen, Sernia, Conrad, Campbell, Fiona, Ward, Leigh, Gobe, Glenda, Fenning, Andrew and Brown, Lindsay. 2011. "High-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular remodeling in rats." Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 57 (5), pp. 611-624. https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181feb90a
Leptin is a signal of fetal adiposity in pregnant ewes fed at or above maintenance energy requirements
Muhlhausler, B. S., Roberts, C. T., McFarlane, J. R., Kauter, K. G. and McMillen, I. C.. 2002. "Leptin is a signal of fetal adiposity in pregnant ewes fed at or above maintenance energy requirements." 49th Annual Meeting Society for Gynecologic Investigation. Los Angeles, United States 20 - 23 Mar 2002 United States.
Circulating leptin concentrations are positively related to leptin messenger RNA expression in the adipose tissue of fetal sheep in the pregnant ewe fed at or below maintenance energy requirements during late gestation
Yuen, B. S. J., Owens, P. C., McFarlane, J. R., Symonds, M. E., Edwards, L. J., Kauter, K. G. and McMillen, I. C.. 2002. "Circulating leptin concentrations are positively related to leptin messenger RNA expression in the adipose tissue of fetal sheep in the pregnant ewe fed at or below maintenance energy requirements during late gestation." Biology of Reproduction. 67 (3), pp. 911-916. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.101.002931
Unusual susceptibility of sheep selected for resistance to internal parasites
Gray, G. D., Gill, H. S., Kauter, K. G., Burgess, S. K. and Douglas-Hill, A.. 1994. "Unusual susceptibility of sheep selected for resistance to internal parasites." 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. Guelph, Canada 15 Sep 1994 Canada.
Echinacea induced hsp70 alterations in leukocytes
Agnew, L. L., Matthias, A., Shipp, C., Kauter, K. G., Bone, K. M., Watson, K. and Lehmann, R. P.. 2010. "Echinacea induced hsp70 alterations in leukocytes." AHMR 2010: 5th Australian Health and Medical Research Congress. Melbourne, Australia 14 - 18 Nov 2010 Australia.
Hair cortisol concentration differs across site and person: localisation and consistency of responses to a brief pain stressor
Sharpley, C. F., Kauter, K. G. and McFarlane, J. R.. 2010. "Hair cortisol concentration differs across site and person: localisation and consistency of responses to a brief pain stressor." Physiological Research. 59 (6), pp. 979-983.
Intrauterine growth restriction and the sex specific programming of leptin and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor y; (PPARy;)mRNA expression in visceral fat in the lamb
Duffield, Jaime A., Vuocolo, Tony, Tellam, Ross, McFarlane, Jim R., Kauter, Kate G., Muhlhausler, B. S. and McMillen, I. Caroline. 2009. "Intrauterine growth restriction and the sex specific programming of leptin and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor y; (PPARy;)mRNA expression in visceral fat in the lamb." Pediatric Research. 66 (1), pp. 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181a7c121
An initial exploration of in vivo hair cortisol responses to a brief pain stressor: latency, localization and independence effects
Sharpley, C. F., Kauter, K. G. and McFarlane, J. R.. 2009. "An initial exploration of in vivo hair cortisol responses to a brief pain stressor: latency, localization and independence effects." Physiological Research. 58 (5), pp. 757-761.
Correction of aberrant axon growth in the developing mouse olfactory bulb
Chan, C., Ekberg, J., Lineburg, K., Scott, S., Chehrehasa, F., Windus, L., Claxton, C., Mackay-Sim, A., Key, B. and St John, J.. 2011. "Correction of aberrant axon growth in the developing mouse olfactory bulb." Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 46 (1), pp. 282-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2010.09.012
OMP-ZsGreen fluorescent protein transgenic mice for visualisation of olfactory sensory neurons in vivo and in vitro
Ekberg, J., Amaya, D., Chehrehasa, F., Lineburg, K., Claxton, C., Windus, Louisa C. E., Key, B., Mackay-Sim, A. and St John, J.. 2011. "OMP-ZsGreen fluorescent protein transgenic mice for visualisation of olfactory sensory neurons in vivo and in vitro." Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 196 (1), pp. 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.01.008
Stimulation of olfactory ensheathing cell motility enhances olfactory axon growth
Windus, Louisa C. E., Chehrehasa, Fatemah, Lineburg, Katie, Claxton, Christina, Mackay-Sim, Alan, Key, Brian and St John, James. 2011. "Stimulation of olfactory ensheathing cell motility enhances olfactory axon growth." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 68 (19), pp. 3233-3247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-011-0630-9
Copper, Nickel, and Zinc Cyclam−Amino Acid and Cyclam−Peptide Complexes May Be Synthesized with 'Click' Chemistry and Are Noncytotoxic
Yu, Mingfeng, Price, Jason, Jensen, Paul D., Lovitt, Carrie J., Shelper, Todd, Duffy, Sandra, Windus, Louisa C., Avery, Vicky, Rutledge, Peter and Todd, Matthew. 2011. "Copper, Nickel, and Zinc Cyclam−Amino Acid and Cyclam−Peptide Complexes May Be Synthesized with 'Click' Chemistry and Are Noncytotoxic." Inorganic Chemistry: including bioinorganic chemistry. 50, pp. 12823-12835. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic2020012
An investigation of hair cortisol concentration across body sites and within hair shaft
Sharpley, Christopher F., Kauter, Kathleen G. and McFarlane, James R.. 2010. "An investigation of hair cortisol concentration across body sites and within hair shaft." Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes. 3, pp. 17-23. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMED.S4465
Diurnal variation in peripheral (hair) vs central (saliva) HPA axis cortisol concentrations
Sharpley, Christopher F., Kauter, Kathleen G. and McFarlane, James R.. 2010. "Diurnal variation in peripheral (hair) vs central (saliva) HPA axis cortisol concentrations." Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes. 3, pp. 9-16. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMED.S4350
Fetal leptin is a signal of fat mass independent of maternal nutrition in ewes fed at or above maintenance energy requirements
Muhlhausler, B. S., Roberts, C. T., McFarlane, J. R., Kauter, K. G. and McMillen, I. C.. 2002. "Fetal leptin is a signal of fat mass independent of maternal nutrition in ewes fed at or above maintenance energy requirements." Biology of Reproduction. 67 (2), pp. 493-499. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod67.2.493
Impact of periconceptional nutrition on maternal and fetal leptin and fetal adiposity in singleton and twin pregnancies
Edwards, L. J., McFarlane, J. R., Kauter, K. G. and McMillen, I. C.. 2005. "Impact of periconceptional nutrition on maternal and fetal leptin and fetal adiposity in singleton and twin pregnancies." American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 288 (1), pp. R39-R45. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00127.2004
Impact of glucose infusion on the structural and functional characteristics of adipose tissue and on hypothalamic gene expression for appetite regulatory neuropeptides in the sheep fetus during late gestation
Muhlhausler, B. S., Adam, C. L., Marrocco, E. M., Findlay, P. A., Roberts, C. T., McFarlane, J. R., Kauter, K. G. and McMillen, I. C.. 2005. "Impact of glucose infusion on the structural and functional characteristics of adipose tissue and on hypothalamic gene expression for appetite regulatory neuropeptides in the sheep fetus during late gestation." The Journal of Physiology. 565 (1), pp. 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1113jphysiol.2004.079079
Determinants of fetal leptin synthesis, fat mass, and circulating leptin concentrations in well-nourished ewes in late pregnancy
Muhlhausler, B. S., Roberts, C. T., Yuen, B. S. J., Marrocco, E., Budge, H., Symonds, M. E., McFarlane, J. R., Kauter, K. G., Stagg, P., Pearse, J. K. and McMillen, I. C.. 2003. "Determinants of fetal leptin synthesis, fat mass, and circulating leptin concentrations in well-nourished ewes in late pregnancy." Endocrinology. 144 (11), pp. 4947-4954. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0555
Leptin alters the structural and functional characteristics of adipose tissue before birth
Yuen, B. S. J., Owens, P. C., Muhlhausler, B. S., Roberts, C. T., Symonds, M. E., Keisler, D. H., McFarlane, J. R., Kauter, K. G., Evens, Y. and McMillen, I. C.. 2003. "Leptin alters the structural and functional characteristics of adipose tissue before birth." The FASEB Journal. 17 (9), pp. 1102-1104. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0756fje
Effects of leptin on fetal plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol concentrations and the timing of parturition in the sheep
Yuen, B. S. J., Owens, P. C., Symonds, M. E., Keisler, D. H., McFarlane, J. R., Kauter, K. G. and McMillen, I. C.. 2004. "Effects of leptin on fetal plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol concentrations and the timing of parturition in the sheep." Biology of Reproduction. 70 (6), pp. 1650-1657. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.103.025254
Lamellipodia mediate the heterogeneity of central olfactory ensheathing cell interactions
Windus, Louisa C. E., Lineburg, Katie, Scott, Susan, Claxton, Christina, Mackay-Sim, Alan, Key, Brian and St John, James. 2010. "Lamellipodia mediate the heterogeneity of central olfactory ensheathing cell interactions." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 67 (10), pp. 1735-1750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-010-0280-3
Olfactory glia enhance neonatal axon regeneration
Chehrehasa, Fatemah, Windus, Louisa C. E., Ekberg, Jenny, Scott, Susan, Amaya, Daniel, Mackay-Sim, Alan and St John, James. 2010. "Olfactory glia enhance neonatal axon regeneration." Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 45 (3), pp. 277-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2010.07.002
Motile membrane protrusions regulate cell-cell adhesion and migration of olfactory ensheathing glia
Windus, Louisa C. E., Claxton, C., Allen, C., Key, B. and St John, J.. 2007. "Motile membrane protrusions regulate cell-cell adhesion and migration of olfactory ensheathing glia." Glia. 55 (15), pp. 1708-1719. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.20586
Expression profiling in monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder reveals dysregulation of the WNT signalling pathway
Matigan, N., Windus, L., Smith, H., Filippich, C., Pantelis, C., McGrath, J., Mowry, B. and Hayward, N.. 2007. "Expression profiling in monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder reveals dysregulation of the WNT signalling pathway." Molecular Psychiatry. 12 (9), pp. 815-825. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001998
Evidence of altered prefrontal–thalamic circuitry in schizophrenia: An optimized diffusion MRI study
Rose, S., Chalk, J., Janke, A., Strudwick, M., Windus, Louisa C., Hannah, D., McGrath, J., Pantelis, C., Wood, S. and Mowry, B.. 2006. "Evidence of altered prefrontal–thalamic circuitry in schizophrenia: An optimized diffusion MRI study." NeuroImage. 32 (1), pp. 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.003
Separate and interacting effects within the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are associated with schizophrenia
Handoko, HY, Nyholt, DR, Hayward, NK, Nertney, DA, Hannah, DE, Windus, LC, McCormack, CM, Smith, HJ, Flippich, C, James, MR and Mowry, BJ. 2004. "Separate and interacting effects within the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are associated with schizophrenia." Molecular Psychiatry. 10 (6), pp. 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001606
Functional growth hormone (GH) receptors and GH are expressed by preimplantation mouse embryos: a role for GH in early embryogenesis?
Pantaleon, M., Whiteside, E. J., Harvey, M.B., Barnard, R.T., Waters, M.J. and Kaye, P.L.. 1997. "Functional growth hormone (GH) receptors and GH are expressed by preimplantation mouse embryos: a role for GH in early embryogenesis?" University of Adelaide. 94 (10), pp. 5125-5130. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.10.5125