Spotty Liver Disease: A review of an ongoing challenge in commercial free-range egg production

Article


Courtice, Jodi Maree, Mahdi, Layla Khalid, Groves, Peter John and Kotiw, Michael. 2018. "Spotty Liver Disease: A review of an ongoing challenge in commercial free-range egg production." Veterinary Microbiology. 227, pp. 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.004
Article Title

Spotty Liver Disease: A review of an ongoing challenge in commercial free-range egg production

ERA Journal ID5560
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsCourtice, Jodi Maree (Author), Mahdi, Layla Khalid (Author), Groves, Peter John (Author) and Kotiw, Michael (Author)
Journal TitleVeterinary Microbiology
Journal Citation227, pp. 112-118
Number of Pages7
Year2018
Place of PublicationNetherlands
ISSN0378-1135
1873-2542
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.08.004
Web Address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113518303420
Abstract

Spotty Liver Disease is an acute infectious disease of layer chickens that was likely first described in the USA and Canada in the 1950s and 1960′s. The disease occurs almost exclusively in barn and free-range production systems. Outbreaks usually, but not exclusively occur in young layers (≅25 weeks) at peak of lay. Indicators of SLD include an acute drop in egg production of up to 35%, together with increased mortality of up to 15%. A presumptive diagnosis at post mortem is made with the detection of characteristic small yellow-white necrotic hepatic lesions, together with a fibrinous peri-hepatitis, excess pericardial and peritoneal fluid, and usually enteritis with diarrhoea. Histopathology reveals a multifocal acute hepatocellular necrosis with fibrin and occasional haemorrhage. Control measures trialled include use of antibiotics, improved biosecurity and hygiene, as well as management practices directed at reducing stress in flocks. However, none other than treatment with antibiotics has been consistently effective which suggested a bacterial aetiology. In 2015, a novel fastidious thermophilic, microaerobic campylobacter was isolated from symptomatic SLD flocks in the UK. Subsequently, an Australian group isolated and further characterised a genetically similar bacterium and named it Campylobacter hepaticus. The bacterium can be cultured from the liver and bile of infected birds, although recovery from non-sterile organs such as the caecum and duodenum remains elusive. Consequently, the route of transmission remains unconfirmed, although molecular detection by PCR of C. hepaticus DNA in the gastrointestinal tract and faeces of SLD infected birds is highly suggestive of a faecal-oral route.

KeywordsAvian Vibrionic Hepatitis, Spotty Liver Disease, Campylobacter hepaticus
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020300903. Veterinary bacteriology
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Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Southern Queensland
University of Sydney
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Funding source
Grant ID
1BS805SQ
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Qaader, D. S., Yousif, S. Y. and Mahdi, L. K.. 2006. "Prevalence and etiology of urinary stones in hospitalized patients in Baghdad." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 12 (6), pp. 853-861.
In vitro anti-Leishmanial effects of black tea extract components
Mahdi, H. S., Al-Bashir, N. M, Saour, K. Y. and Mahdi, L. Kh.. 2005. "In vitro anti-Leishmanial effects of black tea extract components." Jordan Journal of Applied Science: Natural Science. 7 (2), pp. 38-50.
First report of Escherichia coli O157 among Iraqi children
Shebib, Z. A., Abdul Ghani, Z. G. and Mahdi, L. Kh.. 2003. "First report of Escherichia coli O157 among Iraqi children." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 9 (1-2), pp. 159-166.
Isochromophilone IX, a novel GABA-containing metabolite isolated from a cultured fungus, Penicillium sp.
Michael, Adam P., Grace, Emily J., Kotiw, Michael and Barrow, Russell A.. 2003. "Isochromophilone IX, a novel GABA-containing metabolite isolated from a cultured fungus, Penicillium sp." Australian Journal of Chemistry: an international journal for chemical science. 56 (1), pp. 13-15. https://doi.org/10.1071/CH02021