Reflection as an indicator of cognitive presence

Article

Redmond, Petrea. 2014. "Reflection as an indicator of cognitive presence." E-Learning and Digital Media. 11 (1), pp. 46-58. https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2014.11.1.46
Article Title

Reflection as an indicator of cognitive presence

ERA Journal ID20273
Article CategoryArticle
Authors
AuthorRedmond, Petrea
Journal TitleE-Learning and Digital Media
Journal Citation11 (1), pp. 46-58
Number of Pages13
Year2014
Place of PublicationLondon, United Kingdom
ISSN1741-8887
2042-7530
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2014.11.1.46
Abstract

In the Community of Inquiry (CoI) model, cognitive presence indicators can be used to evaluate the quality of inquiry in a discussion forum. Engagement in critical thinking and deep knowledge can occur through reflective processes. When learners move through the four phases of cognitive presence (triggering, exploration, integration, resolution), the processes of discussion and reflection are important in developing deep understanding. In this article, data from the online discussion archives within a blended teacher-education course are analysed using the cognitive presence indicators from the CoI with the additional indicator of reflection. This study indicates that when instructors structure online discussions appropriately, learners are able to share and document their thinking and reflect on their contributions and the perspectives of others while developing new or deeper knowledge. To facilitate the coding of reflective activities and online posts the researcher proposes modifying the resolution phase of the original cognitive presence coding protocol to include an additional reflection indicator.

Keywordsreflection; community of inquiry; cognitive presence; pre-service teachers; teacher education; higher education research
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020399999. Other education not elsewhere classified
520499. Cognitive and computational psychology not elsewhere classified
390409. Learning sciences
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Byline AffiliationsSchool of Teacher Education and Early Childhood
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Blended learning in the United Arab Emirates: development of an adaptability model
Alkaabi, Sultan Ali R., Albion, Peter and Redmond, Petrea. 2016. "Blended learning in the United Arab Emirates: development of an adaptability model." Asia Pacific Journal of Contemporary Education and Communication Technology. 2 (1), pp. 64-86.
The odd one out: revisiting and investigating the gender imbalance in ICT study choices
Morton, Scott and Redmond, Petrea. 2015. "The odd one out: revisiting and investigating the gender imbalance in ICT study choices." Journal of Applied Computing and Information Technology. 19 (1), pp. 2-3.
The iPad schizophrenia: UAE male students’ reflection on the paradoxes of using iPads in college EFL classrooms
Alkaabi, Sultan Ali R., Albion, Peter and Redmond, Petrea. 2015. "The iPad schizophrenia: UAE male students’ reflection on the paradoxes of using iPads in college EFL classrooms." 9th International Conference on Education and Social Science. Singapore 18 Oct 2015
The impact of social networks on male student motivation in UAE tertiary education
Alkaabi, Sultan Ali R., Albion, Peter and Redmond, Petrea. 2016. "The impact of social networks on male student motivation in UAE tertiary education." 2016 International Education Conference. Orlando, United States 03 - 07 Jan 2016 Littleton, CO. United States.
Online mentoring for secondary pre-service teachers in regional, rural or remote locations
Redmond, Petrea. 2015. "Online mentoring for secondary pre-service teachers in regional, rural or remote locations." Liu, Leping and Gibson, David (ed.) Research highlights in technology and teacher education 2015. Waynesville, NC, United States. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). pp. 145-151
An international investigation of TPACK
Redmond, Petrea and Peled, Yehuda. 2015. "An international investigation of TPACK." Rutledge, David and Slykhuis, David (ed.) 26th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2015). Las Vegas, United States 02 - 06 Mar 2015 Chesapeake, VA, United States.
Discipline specific online mentoring for secondary pre-service teachers
Redmond, Petrea. 2015. "Discipline specific online mentoring for secondary pre-service teachers." Computers and Education. 90, pp. 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.08.018
Researching and extending developments in contemporary educational practice
Lock, Jennifer, Redmond, Petrea and Danaher, Patrick. 2015. "Researching and extending developments in contemporary educational practice." Lock, Jennifer, Redmond, Petrea and Danaher, Patrick (ed.) Educational developments, practices and effectiveness: global perspectives and contexts. Hampshire, United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1-14
Empowering learners to engage in their authentic online assessment
Lock, Jennifer V. and Redmond, Petrea. 2015. "Empowering learners to engage in their authentic online assessment." Koc, Selma, Liu, Xiongyi and Wachira, Patrick (ed.) Assessment in online and blended learning environments. Charlotte, NC, United States. Information Age Publishing. pp. 21-38
Investigating pre-service teachers’ inquiry into Indigenous perspectives
Redmond, Petrea and Lock, Jennifer. 2015. "Investigating pre-service teachers’ inquiry into Indigenous perspectives." Redmond, Petrea, Lock, Jennifer and Danaher, Patrick Alan (ed.) Educational innovations and contemporary technologies: enhancing teaching and learning. Hampshire, United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 133-149
A pedagogical continuum: the journey from face-to-face to online teaching
Redmond, Petrea. 2015. "A pedagogical continuum: the journey from face-to-face to online teaching." Redmond, Petrea, Lock, Jennifer and Danaher, Patrick Alan (ed.) Educational innovations and contemporary technologies: enhancing teaching and learning. Hampshire, United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 107-132
Interrogating contemporary research in educational innovation
Redmond, Petrea, Lock, Jennifer and Danaher, Patrick. 2015. "Interrogating contemporary research in educational innovation." Redmond, Petrea, Lock, Jennifer and Danaher, Patrick Alan (ed.) Educational innovations and contemporary technologies: enhancing teaching and learning. Hampshire, United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1-16
Exploring discipline differentiation in online discussion participation
Redmond, Petrea, Devine, Jo and Basson, Marita. 2014. "Exploring discipline differentiation in online discussion participation." Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. 30 (2), pp. 122-135. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.624
Redefining education for the digital age: a snapshot of the state of play in three Queensland schools
Jamieson-Proctor, Romina, Redmond, Petrea, Zagami, Jason, Albion, Peter and Twining, Peter. 2014. "Redefining education for the digital age: a snapshot of the state of play in three Queensland schools." Sweeney, Trudy and Sweeney, Sue (ed.) 2014 Australian Computers in Education Conference: Now it's Personal (ACEC 2014). Adelaide, Australia 30 Sep - 03 Oct 2014 Adelaide, S.A..
Evaluating a 1-to-1 iPad project: beyond rose coloured glasses
Willocks, Brendan and Redmond, Petrea. 2014. "Evaluating a 1-to-1 iPad project: beyond rose coloured glasses." Sweeney, Trudy and Sweeney, Sue (ed.) 2014 Australian Computers in Education Conference: Now it's Personal (ACEC 2014). Adelaide, Australia 30 Sep - 03 Oct 2014 Adelaide, S.A..
Revisioning teacher preparation for mobility: dual imperatives
Albion, Peter R., Jamieson-Proctor, Romina, Fasso, Wendy and Redmond, Petrea. 2013. "Revisioning teacher preparation for mobility: dual imperatives." Liu, Leping, Gibson, David C. and Maddux, Cleborne D. (ed.) Research highlights in technology and teacher education 2013. Chesapeake, VA, United States. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). pp. 13-21
TPACK: exploring a secondary pre-service teachers' context
Redmond, Petrea and Lock, Jennifer. 2013. "TPACK: exploring a secondary pre-service teachers' context." Liu, Leping, Gibson, David C. and Maddux, Cleborne D. (ed.) Research highlights in technology and teacher education 2013. Chesapeake, VA, United States. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). pp. 101-108
Cognitive presence characteristics of online and face-to-face discussions in a blended course
Redmond, Petrea. 2012. "Cognitive presence characteristics of online and face-to-face discussions in a blended course." Maddux, Cleborne D. and Gibson, David (ed.) Research highlights in technology and teacher education 2012. Chesapeake, VA, United States. Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education (SITE). pp. 167-174
ICT: an integral part of the middle school classroom
Cantle, Robert and Redmond, Petrea. 2012. "ICT: an integral part of the middle school classroom." Newhouse, Paul and Pagram, Jeremy (ed.) 2012 Australian Computers in Education Conference: ITs Time: Information Technology in Schools Time (ACEC 2012). Perth, Australia 02 - 05 Oct 2012 WA, Australia.
Going mobile: each small change requires another
Albion, Peter, Jamieson-Proctor, Romina, Redmond, Petrea, Larkin, Kevin and Maxwell, Andrew. 2012. "Going mobile: each small change requires another." Brown, M., Hartnett, M. and Stewart, T. (ed.) 29th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2012). Wellington, New Zealand 25 - 28 Nov 2012 Gold Coast, Australia.
Learning at times and places chosen by the learner: adapting to study with mobile digital devices
Jamieson-Proctor, Romina, Albion, Peter, Larkin, Kevin, Redmond, Petrea, Harris, Julie, Fasso, Wendy, Sander, Teresa, Yuginovich, Trudy and Maxwell, Andrew. 2012. "Learning at times and places chosen by the learner: adapting to study with mobile digital devices." Newhouse, Paul and Pagram, Jeremy (ed.) 2012 Australian Computers in Education Conference: ITs Time: Information Technology in Schools Time (ACEC 2012). Perth, Australia 02 - 05 Oct 2012 Perth, Western Australia.
From face-to-face teaching to online teaching: pedagogical transitions
Redmond, Petrea. 2011. "From face-to-face teaching to online teaching: pedagogical transitions." Williams, Gary, Statham, Peta, Brown, Noel and Cleland, B. (ed.) 28th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2011). Hobart, Australia 04 - 07 Dec 2011 Australia.
International online collaboration: giving voice to the study of diversity
Lock, Jennifer V. and Redmond, Petrea. 2011. "International online collaboration: giving voice to the study of diversity." One World in Dialogue. 1 (1), pp. 19-25.
Bridging a discipline divide through the lens of community of inquiry
Redmond, Petrea and McDonald, Christine. 2011. "Bridging a discipline divide through the lens of community of inquiry." Abawi, Lindy, Conway, Joan M. and Henderson, Robyn (ed.) Creating connections in teaching and learning. Charlotte, NC, United States. Information Age Publishing. pp. 249-263
Exploring teaching and cognitive presence in blended learning: promoting pre-service teachers’ critical thinking
Redmond, Petrea. 2011. Exploring teaching and cognitive presence in blended learning: promoting pre-service teachers’ critical thinking. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Transforming pre-service teacher curriculum: observation through a TPACK lens
Lock, Jennifer V. and Redmond, Petrea. 2010. "Transforming pre-service teacher curriculum: observation through a TPACK lens." Steel, Caroline, Keppell, Michael, Gerbic, Philippa and Housego, Simon (ed.) 27th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2010). Sydney, Australia 05 - 08 Dec 2010 Brisbane, Australia.
Does teaching presence change over time?
Redmond, Petrea and Lock, Jennifer V.. 2011. "Does teaching presence change over time?" Barton, Siew-Mee, Hedberg, John and Suzuki, Katsuaki (ed.) 2nd Annual Global Conference on Learning and Technology (AACE 2011): Global Learn Asia Pacific . Melbourne, Australia 28 Mar - 01 Apr 2011 Chesapeake, VA, USA.
Authentic learning across international borders: a cross institutional online project for pre-service teachers
Redmond, Petrea. 2009. "Authentic learning across international borders: a cross institutional online project for pre-service teachers." DE Quarterly. 2.
Investigating the use of online discussions in an undergraduate face-to-face course
Redmond, Petrea. 2010. "Investigating the use of online discussions in an undergraduate face-to-face course." Maddux, Cleborne D., Gibson, David and Dodge, Bernie (ed.) Research highlights in technology and teacher education 2010. Chesapeake, VA. United States. Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education (SITE). pp. 27-34
In their own words: pre-service teachers’ perceptions of ICT integration
Redmond, Petrea and Albion, Peter. 2002. "In their own words: pre-service teachers’ perceptions of ICT integration." Willis, Dee Anna, Price, Jerry D. and Davis, Niki (ed.) 13th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2002). Nashville, United States 18 - 23 Mar 2002 Norfolk, VA, United States.
ICT for pre-service teacher educators
Redmond, Petrea. 2002. "ICT for pre-service teacher educators." Willis, Dee Anna, Price, Jerry D. and Davis, Niki (ed.) 13th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2002). Nashville, United States 18 - 23 Mar 2002 Norfolk, VA, United States.
Kidspiration software review
Redmond, Petrea. 2005. "Kidspiration software review." QUICK: Journal of the Computer Education Group of Queensland.
From rhetoric to reality: piloting the faculty pedagogical framework from a participant perspective
Redmond, Petrea and Ryan, Mary. 2002. "From rhetoric to reality: piloting the faculty pedagogical framework from a participant perspective." Aniftos, Michelle G. and Mander, Alison (ed.) 2002 Australian Teacher Education Association Conference (2002 ATEA). Brisbane, Australia 12 - 15 Jul 2002 Toowoomba, Australia. Australian Teacher Education Association.
Towards pedagogical consensus: the first chapter in a Faculty of Education strategic review
Aniftos, Michelle, Mander, Alison, Redmond, Petrea and Ryan, Mary. 2002. "Towards pedagogical consensus: the first chapter in a Faculty of Education strategic review." Aniftos, Michelle G. and Mander, Alison (ed.) 2002 Australian Teacher Education Association Conference (2002 ATEA). Brisbane, Australia 12 - 15 Jul 2002 Toowoomba, Australia. Australian Teacher Education Association.
Project E – dabbling with the Learning Place
Redmond, Petrea. 2003. "Project E – dabbling with the Learning Place." QUICK: Journal of the Computer Education Group of Queensland.
Designing flexible learning: learning with each iteration
Redmond, Petrea and Lock, Jennifer V.. 2009. "Designing flexible learning: learning with each iteration." Bastiaens, Theo, Dron, Jon and Xin, Cindy (ed.) 2009 World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare & Higher Education (E-Learn 2009). Vancouver, Canada 26 - 30 Oct 2009 Chesapeake, VA. United States.
Constructing a pre-service teacher online learning community
Redmond, Petrea and Mander, Alison. 2009. "Constructing a pre-service teacher online learning community." Gibson, Ian, Weber, Roberta, McFerrin, Karen, Carlsen, Roger and Willis, Dee Anna (ed.) 20th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2009). Charleston, United States 02 - 06 Mar 2009 Chesapeake, VA. United States.
Authentic learning across international borders: a cross institutional online project for pre-service teachers
Redmond, Petrea and Lock, Jennifer V.. 2009. "Authentic learning across international borders: a cross institutional online project for pre-service teachers." Maddux, Cleborne D. (ed.) Research highlights in technology and teacher education 2009. Chesapeake, VA. United States. Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education (SITE). pp. 265-273
Increasing female participation in ICTs
Redmond, Petrea. 2006. "Increasing female participation in ICTs." QUICK: Journal of the Computer Education Group of Queensland. 99, pp. 15-18.
Teaching by example? Integrating ICT in teacher education
Albion, Peter and Redmond, Petrea. 2008. "Teaching by example? Integrating ICT in teacher education." Moyle, Kathryn (ed.) 2008 Australian Computers in Education Conference: ACT on IcT (ACEC 2008). Canberra, Australia 29 Sep - 02 Oct 2008 Belconnen, Australia.
Working collaboratively on the digital global frontier
Lock, Jennifer V. and Redmond, Petrea. 2009. "Working collaboratively on the digital global frontier." Salmons, Janet and Wilson, Lynn (ed.) Handbook of research on electronic collaboration and organizational synergy, vol. 1. Hershey PA, USA. IGI Global. pp. 177-191
Investigating deep and surface learning in online collaboration
Redmond, Petrea and Lock, Jennifer V.. 2008. "Investigating deep and surface learning in online collaboration." McFerrin, Karen, Weber, Roberta, Carlsen, Roger and Willis, Dee Anna (ed.) 19th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2008). Las Vegas, United States 03 - 07 Mar 2008 Chesapeake, VA.
Designing twenty-first century teaching and learning spaces for a teacher education
Redmond, Petrea, Albion, Peter R. and Alexander, Louise. 2004. "Designing twenty-first century teaching and learning spaces for a teacher education." Ferdig, Richard and Crawford, Caroline (ed.) 15th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2004). Atlanta, United States 01 - 06 Mar 2004 Chesapeake, VA.
Are we there yet? The journey of ICT integration
Redmond, Petrea and Brown, Katie. 2004. "Are we there yet? The journey of ICT integration." Ferdig, Richard and Crawford, Caroline (ed.) 15th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2004). Atlanta, United States 01 - 06 Mar 2004 Chesapeake, VA.
Online mentoring of pre-service teachers: exploring cognitive presence
Redmond, Petrea and Mander, Alison. 2006. "Online mentoring of pre-service teachers: exploring cognitive presence." Crawford, Caroline, Carlsen, Roger, Price, Jerry D., McFerrin, Karen, Weber, Roberta and Willis, Dee Anna (ed.) 17th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2006). Orlando, United States of America 20 - 24 Mar 2006 Chesapeake, VA.
First aid for female casualties of the information highway
Redmond, Petrea. 2006. "First aid for female casualties of the information highway." Australian Educational Computing. 21 (1), pp. 26-32.
A flexible framework for online collaborative learning
Redmond, Petrea and Lock, Jennifer V.. 2006. "A flexible framework for online collaborative learning." The Internet and Higher Education. 9 (4), pp. 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2006.08.003
International online collaboration: modeling online learning and teaching
Lock, Jennifer V. and Redmond, Petrea. 2006. "International online collaboration: modeling online learning and teaching." Journal of Online Learning and Teaching. 2 (4), pp. 233-247.
Returning the favour: using insights from online learning to enhance on-campus courses
Albion, Peter and Redmond, Petrea. 2006. "Returning the favour: using insights from online learning to enhance on-campus courses." Crawford, Caroline, Carlsen, Roger, Gibson, Ian, McFerrin, Karen, Price, Jerry D., Weber, Roberta and Willis, Dee Anna (ed.) 17th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2006). Orlando, United States of America 20 - 24 Mar 2006 Chesapeake, VA.
Living up to the ICT integration standards
Albion, Peter and Redmond, Petrea. 2005. "Living up to the ICT integration standards." Crawford, Caroline, Carlsen, Roger, Gibson, Ian, McFerrin, Karen, Price, Jerry D., Weber, Roberta and Willis, Dee Anna (ed.) 16th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2005). Phoenix, United States 01 - 05 Mar 2005 Norfolk, VA.
Intentions vs reality: preservice teachers' ICT integration during professional experience
Redmond, Petrea, Albion, Peter and Maroulis, Jerry. 2005. "Intentions vs reality: preservice teachers' ICT integration during professional experience." Crawford, Caroline, Carlsen, Roger, Gibson, Ian, McFerrin, Karen, Price, Jerry D., Weber, Roberta and Willis, Dee Anna (ed.) 16th International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2005). Phoenix, United States 01 - 05 Mar 2005 Norfolk, VA.
Online pedagogical practices in the Faculty of Education at the University of Southern Queensland
Kehrwald, Ben, Reushle, Shirley, Redmond, Petrea, Cleary, Kaye, Albion, Peter and Maroulis, Jerry. 2005. Online pedagogical practices in the Faculty of Education at the University of Southern Queensland. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.