A Dual-Stream Deep Learning Architecture With Adaptive Random Vector Functional Link for Multi-Center Ischemic Stroke Classification
Article
Inamdar, Mahesh Anil, Gudigar, Anjan, Raghavendra, U., Salvi, Massimo, Aman, Raja Rizal Azman Bin Raja, Muhammad Gowdh, Nadia Fareeda, Ahir, Izzah Amirah Binti Mohd, Bin Kamaruddin, Mohd Salahuddin, Kadir, Khairul Azmi Abdul, Molinari, Filippo, Hegde, Ajay, Menon, Girish R. and Acharya, U. Rajendra. 2025. "A Dual-Stream Deep Learning Architecture With Adaptive Random Vector Functional Link for Multi-Center Ischemic Stroke Classification." IEEE Access. 13, pp. 46638-46658. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3550344
| Article Title | A Dual-Stream Deep Learning Architecture With Adaptive Random Vector Functional Link for Multi-Center Ischemic Stroke Classification |
|---|---|
| ERA Journal ID | 210567 |
| Article Category | Article |
| Authors | Inamdar, Mahesh Anil, Gudigar, Anjan, Raghavendra, U., Salvi, Massimo, Aman, Raja Rizal Azman Bin Raja, Muhammad Gowdh, Nadia Fareeda, Ahir, Izzah Amirah Binti Mohd, Bin Kamaruddin, Mohd Salahuddin, Kadir, Khairul Azmi Abdul, Molinari, Filippo, Hegde, Ajay, Menon, Girish R. and Acharya, U. Rajendra |
| Journal Title | IEEE Access |
| Journal Citation | 13, pp. 46638-46658 |
| Number of Pages | 21 |
| Year | 2025 |
| Publisher | IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) |
| Place of Publication | United States |
| ISSN | 2169-3536 |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3550344 |
| Web Address (URL) | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10921645 |
| Abstract | One of the main causes of death and permanent disability is ischemic stroke, for which prompt and precise diagnosis is essential to successful treatment. This study introduces a novel dual-stream deep learning framework for ischemic stroke classification using Computed Tomography (CT) images, specifically addressing challenges in accuracy, computational efficiency, and clinical interpretability. Three significant innovations are included in the suggested architecture: (1) a hybrid Dual Attention Mechanism that combines Dynamic Routing and Cross-Attention for improved region-specific feature discrimination; (2) a Multi-Scale Feature Extraction Module with parallel convolutional pathways that captures both contextual and fine-grained features; and (3) an Adaptive Random Vector Functional Link layer that significantly reduces training time while maintaining high classification performance. When tested on a single-center dataset, the model achieves state-of-the-art classification accuracy of 98.83% across normal, acute and chronic stroke categories. We demonstrate the strong generalization capabilities of the proposed framework by achieving 92.42% accuracy on a diverse, multi-center dataset of 7,842 CT images. The integration of explainable Artificial Intelligence tools improve clinical trustworthiness by offering clear insight into the model’s decision-making process. These outcomes demonstrate the model’s potential to use in actual clinical settings for quick and accurate stroke diagnosis, along with its interpretability and computational efficiency. © 2013 IEEE. |
| Keywords | cross-attention; Ischemic stroke detection; deep learning; random vector functional link networks; medical image analysis; explainable AI |
| Contains Sensitive Content | Does not contain sensitive content |
| ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 461103. Deep learning |
| Byline Affiliations | Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India |
| Manipal Institute of Technology, India | |
| Taylor’s University, Malaysia | |
| PolitoBIOMed Lab, Italy | |
| University of Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia | |
| University of Malaya, Malaysia | |
| Manipal Hospitals, India | |
| School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing | |
| Centre for Health Research |
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