ADHD/CD-NET: automated EEG-based characterization of ADHD and CD using explainable deep neural network technique
Article
Loh, Hui Wen, Ooi, Chui Ping, Oh, Shu Lih, Barua, Prabal Datta, Tan, Yi Ren, Acharya, U. Rajendra and Fung, Daniel Shuen Sheng. 2024. "ADHD/CD-NET: automated EEG-based characterization of ADHD and CD using explainable deep neural network technique." Cognitive Neurodynamics. 18 (4), pp. 1609-1625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-023-10028-2
| Article Title | ADHD/CD-NET: automated EEG-based characterization of ADHD and CD using explainable deep neural network technique |
|---|---|
| ERA Journal ID | 3179 |
| Article Category | Article |
| Authors | Loh, Hui Wen, Ooi, Chui Ping, Oh, Shu Lih, Barua, Prabal Datta, Tan, Yi Ren, Acharya, U. Rajendra and Fung, Daniel Shuen Sheng |
| Journal Title | Cognitive Neurodynamics |
| Journal Citation | 18 (4), pp. 1609-1625 |
| Number of Pages | 17 |
| Year | 2024 |
| Publisher | Springer |
| Place of Publication | Netherlands |
| ISSN | 1871-4080 |
| 1871-4099 | |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-023-10028-2 |
| Web Address (URL) | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11571-023-10028-2 |
| Abstract | In this study, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a childhood neurodevelopmental disorder, is being studied alongside its comorbidity, conduct disorder (CD), a behavioral disorder. Because ADHD and CD share commonalities, distinguishing them is difficult, thus increasing the risk of misdiagnosis. It is crucial that these two conditions are not mistakenly identified as the same because the treatment plan varies depending on whether the patient has CD or ADHD. Hence, this study proposes an electroencephalogram (EEG)-based deep learning system known as ADHD/CD-NET that is capable of objectively distinguishing ADHD, ADHD + CD, and CD. The 12-channel EEG signals were first segmented and converted into channel-wise continuous wavelet transform (CWT) correlation matrices. The resulting matrices were then used to train the convolutional neural network (CNN) model, and the model’s performance was evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) was also used to provide explanations for the prediction result made by the ‘black box’ CNN model. Internal private dataset (45 ADHD, 62 ADHD + CD and 16 CD) and external public dataset (61 ADHD and 60 healthy controls) were used to evaluate ADHD/CD-NET. As a result, ADHD/CD-NET achieved classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision of 93.70%, 90.83%, 95.35% and 91.85% for the internal evaluation, and 98.19%, 98.36%, 98.03% and 98.06% for the external evaluation. Grad-CAM also identified significant channels that contributed to the diagnosis outcome. Therefore, ADHD/CD-NET can perform temporal localization and choose significant EEG channels for diagnosis, thus providing objective analysis for mental health professionals and clinicians to consider when making a diagnosis. |
| Keywords | ADHD; Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI); Deep learning; Conduct disorde; Grad-CAM; CNN; EEG |
| Contains Sensitive Content | Does not contain sensitive content |
| ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 420313. Mental health services |
| Byline Affiliations | Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS), Singapore |
| Cogninet Australia, Australia | |
| School of Business | |
| University of Technology Sydney | |
| Australian International Institute of Higher Education, Australia | |
| University of New England | |
| Taylor’s University, Malaysia | |
| SRM Institute of Science and Technology, India | |
| Kumamoto University, Japan | |
| University of Sydney | |
| Institute of Mental Health, Singapore | |
| School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing | |
| Centre for Health Research | |
| National University of Singapore |
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https://research.usq.edu.au/item/z99yx/adhd-cd-net-automated-eeg-based-characterization-of-adhd-and-cd-using-explainable-deep-neural-network-technique
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