The effect of trauma on religious beliefs: a structured literature review and meta-analysis

Article


Leo, Darius, Izadikhah, Zahra, Fein, Erich and Forooshani, Sayedhabib. 2021. "The effect of trauma on religious beliefs: a structured literature review and meta-analysis." Trauma, Violence and Abuse: a review journal. 22 (1), pp. 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019834076
Article Title

The effect of trauma on religious beliefs: a structured literature review and meta-analysis

ERA Journal ID36168
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsLeo, Darius (Author), Izadikhah, Zahra (Author), Fein, Erich (Author) and Forooshani, Sayedhabib (Author)
Journal TitleTrauma, Violence and Abuse: a review journal
Journal Citation22 (1), pp. 161-175
Number of Pages15
Year2021
Place of PublicationUnited States
ISSN1552-8324
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019834076
Web Address (URL)https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1524838019834076
Abstract

Introduction: Empirical research has shown that religious beliefs support people recovering from traumatic experiences. However, there is relatively little research on the inversion of this dynamic, the way that trauma changes a person’s religious beliefs. The authors of this paper conducted a structured literature review and meta-analysis of published quantitative and qualitative literature related to the effects of interpersonal trauma on religious beliefs in adults. Their aims were to determine whether religious beliefs act as cognitive schemas, to support or reject the “shattered assumptions” hypothesis (Janoff-Bulman, 2010), and to assess whether PTSD symptoms have an additive effect on changing beliefs.

Method: Five academic databases were searched using permutations of the keywords: Religion, Trauma, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The resulting references were compared to predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria, and the reference lists of these papers were also searched for additional matches. Included papers were then subjected to a meta-analysis.

Results: Five quantitative, two qualitative, and two mixed-methodologies papers were matched. Aggravated analyzes confirmed the hypothesized effect (r = 0.19, p < 0.05).

Conclusions: The reviewed literature suggests that most people do not change their religious beliefs after a trauma, but significant changes occur for a smaller proportion of people—either increasing or decreasing their religious beliefs. These effects are greatest for people who develop PTSD. This review supports the shattered assumptions hypothesis of Janoff-Bulman; explains the cognitive mechanisms of change; and proposes a model for the additive effects of PTSD.

Keywordsreligion, trauma, PTSD, schema, shattered assumptions, structured literature review, SLR, meta-analysis
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020520599. Social and personality psychology not elsewhere classified
520504. Psychology of religion
520399. Clinical and health psychology not elsewhere classified
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Byline AffiliationsSchool of Psychology and Counselling
Queensland University of Technology
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Mechanisms underlying REBT in mood disordered patients: predicting depression from the hybrid model of learning
Jackson, Chris J., Izadikhah, Zahra and Oei, Tian P.S.. 2012. "Mechanisms underlying REBT in mood disordered patients: predicting depression from the hybrid model of learning." Journal of Affective Disorders. 139 (1), pp. 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.025
Depression mediates HIV stigma and medication adherence in men who have sex with men (living with HIV)
Mullens, Amy B., Strodl, Esben, Fein, Erich, Stewart, Lauren and Daken, Kirstie. 2016. "Depression mediates HIV stigma and medication adherence in men who have sex with men (living with HIV)." 14th International Congress of Behavioral Medicine: Behavioral Medicine: Making an Impact in the Modern World (ICBM 2016). Melbourne, Australia 07 - 10 Dec 2016
Individual values and preferred leadership behaviors: a study of Romanian managers
Fein, Erich C., Vasiliu, Cristinel and Tziner, Aharon. 2011. "Individual values and preferred leadership behaviors: a study of Romanian managers." Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 41 (3), pp. 515-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00724.x
Personality predictors of behavioral self-regulation: linking behavioral self-regulation to five-factor model factors, facets, and a compound trait
Fein, Erich C. and Klein, Howard J.. 2011. "Personality predictors of behavioral self-regulation: linking behavioral self-regulation to five-factor model factors, facets, and a compound trait." International Journal of Selection and Assessment. 19 (2), pp. 132-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.2011.00541.x
Safeguarding access and safeguarding meaning as strategies for achieving confidentiality
Fein, Erich C. and Kulik, Carol T.. 2011. "Safeguarding access and safeguarding meaning as strategies for achieving confidentiality." Industrial and Organizational Psychology: perspectives on science and practice. 4 (4), pp. 479-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01378.x
Organizational citizenship behavior and turnover intentions: do organizational culture and justice moderate their relationship?
Sharoni, Gil, Tziner, Aharon, Fein, Erich C., Shultz, Tamar, Shaul, Keren and Zilberman, Lian. 2011. "Organizational citizenship behavior and turnover intentions: do organizational culture and justice moderate their relationship?" Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 42 (1), pp. 267-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.01015.x
The effect of perceived organizational support on the transfer of training outcomes to the workplace
Zumrah, Abdul Rahim, Boyle, Steven and Fein, Erich. 2012. "The effect of perceived organizational support on the transfer of training outcomes to the workplace." World Review of Business Research. 2 (4), pp. 130-147.
Modeling employees' deviant behavior and employers' reactions: an interdisciplinary approach using principal-agent and prospect theories
Tziner, Aharon and Fein, Erich. 2012. "Modeling employees' deviant behavior and employers' reactions: an interdisciplinary approach using principal-agent and prospect theories." Economics and Business Letters. 1 (4), pp. 10-20.
Categorising person-based ethical constructs using a framework of cognitive skills, moral volition, and personal values
Harris, Howard, Fein, Erich C., Kim, Aise and Hobson, Libby. 2012. "Categorising person-based ethical constructs using a framework of cognitive skills, moral volition, and personal values." Research in Ethical Issues in Organisations. 8, pp. 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1529-2096(2012)0000008012
Psychological contract breach: consequences of unkept promises of permanent employment
Ahmed, Ezaz, D'Netto, Brian, Chelliah, John and Fein, Erich. 2016. "Psychological contract breach: consequences of unkept promises of permanent employment." Contemporary Management Research: an international journal. 12 (2), pp. 183-210. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13914
Mapping smart power onto the cardinal virtues and cross-cultural leadership dimensions
Fein, Erich C., McKenna, Bernard, Bernobic, Iris and Ahmed, Ezaz. 2017. "Mapping smart power onto the cardinal virtues and cross-cultural leadership dimensions." Muhlbauer, Varda and Harry, Wes (ed.) Redefining Management: Smart Power Perspectives. Switzerland . Springer. pp. 107-125
Investigating the effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on postoperative pain intensity in adolescents undergoing surgery: a randomized controlled trial
Maroufi, Mohsen, Zamani, Shahla, Izadikhah, Zahra, Marofi, Maryam and O'Connor, Peter. 2016. "Investigating the effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on postoperative pain intensity in adolescents undergoing surgery: a randomized controlled trial." Journal of Advanced Nursing. 72 (9), pp. 2207-2217. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12985
Relationships between ethical climate, justice perceptions, and LMX
Fein, Erich C., Tziner, Aharon, Lusky, Liat and Palachy, Ortal. 2013. "Relationships between ethical climate, justice perceptions, and LMX." Leadership and Organization Development Journal. 34 (2), pp. 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731311321913
Raising the curtain: exploring dancers’ perceptions of obligation through the psychological contract lens
Stanway, Alicia R., Bordia, Sarbari and Fein, Erich C.. 2013. "Raising the curtain: exploring dancers’ perceptions of obligation through the psychological contract lens." Arts and Humanities in Higher Education: an international journal of theory, research and practice. 12 (2-3), pp. 254-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022212473523
The consequences of transfer of training for service quality and job satisfaction: an empirical study in the Malaysian public sector
Zumrah, Abdul Rahim, Boyle, Stephen and Fein, Erich C.. 2013. "The consequences of transfer of training for service quality and job satisfaction: an empirical study in the Malaysian public sector." International Journal of Training and Development. 17 (4), pp. 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12017
Six habits to enhance MET performance under stress: a discussion paper reviewing team mechanisms for improved patient outcomes
Fein, Erich C., Mackie, Benjamin, Chernyak-Hai, Lily, O'Quinn, C. Richard V. and Ahmed, Ezaz. 2016. "Six habits to enhance MET performance under stress: a discussion paper reviewing team mechanisms for improved patient outcomes." Australian Critical Care. 29 (2), pp. 104-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2015.07.006
Considering the gap between Implicit Leadership Theories and expectations of actual leader behaviour: a three-study investigation of leadership beliefs in Romania
Fein, Erich C., Tziner, Aharon, Vasiliu, Cristinel and Felea, Mihai. 2015. "Considering the gap between Implicit Leadership Theories and expectations of actual leader behaviour: a three-study investigation of leadership beliefs in Romania." Journal of East European Management Studies. 20 (1), pp. 68-87. https://doi.org/10.1688/JEEMS-2015-01-Fein
Tempering hard times: integrating well-being metrics into utility analysis
Tziner, Aharon, Fein, Erich C. and Birati, Assa. 2014. "Tempering hard times: integrating well-being metrics into utility analysis." Industrial and Organizational Psychology: perspectives on science and practice. 7 (4), pp. 554-568. https://doi.org/10.1111/iops.12195
Clarifying the effect of work hours on health through work–life conflict
Fein, Erich C. and Skinner, Natalie. 2015. "Clarifying the effect of work hours on health through work–life conflict." Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources. 53 (4), pp. 448-470. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12065
Effect of context on performance approach orientation
Izadikhah, Zahra, Jackson, Chris and Ireland, Michael J.. 2012. "Effect of context on performance approach orientation." American Journal of Psychology. 125 (2), pp. 193-207. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.125.2.0193
Virtue Ethics in Leadership Operations: A Pathway for Leadership Development
Fein, Eric C.. 2012. "Virtue Ethics in Leadership Operations: A Pathway for Leadership Development ." Harris, Howard, Wijesinghe, Gayathri and McKenzie, Stephen (ed.) The Heart of the Good Institution: Virtue Ethics as a Framework for Responsible Management. Netherlands. Springer. pp. 73-84