An evaluation of the factor structure of the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) and the creation of the SAWS-15 as a short measure for personal wisdom
Article
Leeman, Trilas M., Knight, Bob G., Fein, Erich C., Winterbotham, Sonya and Webster, Jeffrey Dean. 2022. "An evaluation of the factor structure of the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) and the creation of the SAWS-15 as a short measure for personal wisdom." International Psychogeriatrics. 34 (3), pp. 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220004202
| Article Title | An evaluation of the factor structure of the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) and the creation of the SAWS-15 as a short measure for personal wisdom |
|---|---|
| ERA Journal ID | 6329 |
| Article Category | Article |
| Authors | Leeman, Trilas M. (Author), Knight, Bob G. (Author), Fein, Erich C. (Author), Winterbotham, Sonya (Author) and Webster, Jeffrey Dean (Author) |
| Journal Title | International Psychogeriatrics |
| Journal Citation | 34 (3), pp. 241-251 |
| Number of Pages | 11 |
| Year | 2022 |
| Place of Publication | United Kingdom |
| ISSN | 1041-6102 |
| 1741-203X | |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220004202 |
| Web Address (URL) | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-psychogeriatrics/article/an-evaluation-of-the-factor-structure-of-the-selfassessed-wisdom-scale-saws-and-the-creation-of-the-saws15-as-a-short-measure-for-personal-wisdom/B1B88C0EF62819F725B4A9CEC4078F |
| Abstract | OBJECTIVES: Although wisdom is a desirable life span developmental goal, researchers have often lacked brief and reliable construct measures. We examined whether an abbreviated set of items could be empirically derived from the popular 40-item five-factor Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS). DESIGN: Survey data from 709 respondents were randomly split into two and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). SETTING: The survey was conducted online in Australia. PARTICIPANTS: The total sample consisted of 709 participants (Mage = 35.67 years; age range = 15-92 years) of whom 22% were male, and 78% female. MEASUREMENT: The study analyzed the 40-item SAWS. RESULTS: Sample 1 showed the traditional five-factor structure for the 40-item SAWS did not fit the data. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on Sample 2 offered an alternative model based on a 15-item, five-factor solution with the latent variables Reminiscence/Reflection, Humor, Emotional Regulation, Experience, and Openness. This model, which replicates the factor structure of the original 40-item SAWS with a short form of 15 items, was then confirmed on Sample 1 using a CFA that produced acceptable fit and measurement invariance across age groups. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest the abbreviated SAWS-15 can be useful as a measure of individual differences in wisdom, and we highlight areas for future research. |
| Keywords | SAWS; wisdom; SAWS-15; measurement; reliability; age group; invariance |
| ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 520106. Psychology of ageing |
| 520108. Testing, assessment and psychometrics | |
| Public Notes | File reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher/author. |
| Byline Affiliations | School of Psychology and Counselling |
| Langara College, Canada | |
| Institution of Origin | University of Southern Queensland |
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Mullens, Amy B., Strodl, Esben, Fein, Erich, Stewart, Lauren and Daken, Kirstie. 2016. "Depression mediates HIV stigma and medication adherence in men who have sex with men (living with HIV)." 14th International Congress of Behavioral Medicine: Behavioral Medicine: Making an Impact in the Modern World (ICBM 2016). Melbourne, Australia 07 - 10 Dec 2016Individual values and preferred leadership behaviors: a study of Romanian managers
Fein, Erich C., Vasiliu, Cristinel and Tziner, Aharon. 2011. "Individual values and preferred leadership behaviors: a study of Romanian managers." Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 41 (3), pp. 515-535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00724.xPersonality predictors of behavioral self-regulation: linking behavioral self-regulation to five-factor model factors, facets, and a compound trait
Fein, Erich C. and Klein, Howard J.. 2011. "Personality predictors of behavioral self-regulation: linking behavioral self-regulation to five-factor model factors, facets, and a compound trait." International Journal of Selection and Assessment. 19 (2), pp. 132-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.2011.00541.xSafeguarding access and safeguarding meaning as strategies for achieving confidentiality
Fein, Erich C. and Kulik, Carol T.. 2011. "Safeguarding access and safeguarding meaning as strategies for achieving confidentiality." Industrial and Organizational Psychology: perspectives on science and practice. 4 (4), pp. 479-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01378.xOrganizational citizenship behavior and turnover intentions: do organizational culture and justice moderate their relationship?
Sharoni, Gil, Tziner, Aharon, Fein, Erich C., Shultz, Tamar, Shaul, Keren and Zilberman, Lian. 2011. "Organizational citizenship behavior and turnover intentions: do organizational culture and justice moderate their relationship?" Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 42 (1), pp. 267-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.01015.xThe effect of perceived organizational support on the transfer of training outcomes to the workplace
Zumrah, Abdul Rahim, Boyle, Steven and Fein, Erich. 2012. "The effect of perceived organizational support on the transfer of training outcomes to the workplace." World Review of Business Research. 2 (4), pp. 130-147.Modeling employees' deviant behavior and employers' reactions: an interdisciplinary approach using principal-agent and prospect theories
Tziner, Aharon and Fein, Erich. 2012. "Modeling employees' deviant behavior and employers' reactions: an interdisciplinary approach using principal-agent and prospect theories." Economics and Business Letters. 1 (4), pp. 10-20.Categorising person-based ethical constructs using a framework of cognitive skills, moral volition, and personal values
Harris, Howard, Fein, Erich C., Kim, Aise and Hobson, Libby. 2012. "Categorising person-based ethical constructs using a framework of cognitive skills, moral volition, and personal values." Research in Ethical Issues in Organisations. 8, pp. 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1529-2096(2012)0000008012Psychological contract breach: consequences of unkept promises of permanent employment
Ahmed, Ezaz, D'Netto, Brian, Chelliah, John and Fein, Erich. 2016. "Psychological contract breach: consequences of unkept promises of permanent employment." Contemporary Management Research: an international journal. 12 (2), pp. 183-210. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13914Understanding the Mechanisms of Change in a Lifestyle Intervention for Older Adults
Juang, Christine, Knight, Bob G., Carlson, Mike, Schepens Niemiec, Stacey L., Vigen, Cheryl and Clark, Florence. 2017. "Understanding the Mechanisms of Change in a Lifestyle Intervention for Older Adults." The Gerontologist. 58 (2), pp. 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw152The effects of the MORE wisdom resources on spousal caregivers’ life satisfaction: an application of the resilience model
Kim, Seungyoun and Knight, Bob G.. 2017. "The effects of the MORE wisdom resources on spousal caregivers’ life satisfaction: an application of the resilience model." Clinical Gerontologist. 40 (5), pp. 413-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2016.1209607Mapping smart power onto the cardinal virtues and cross-cultural leadership dimensions
Fein, Erich C., McKenna, Bernard, Bernobic, Iris and Ahmed, Ezaz. 2017. "Mapping smart power onto the cardinal virtues and cross-cultural leadership dimensions." Muhlbauer, Varda and Harry, Wes (ed.) Redefining Management: Smart Power Perspectives. Switzerland . Springer. pp. 107-125Caregiving Subgroups Differences in the Associations Between the Resilience Resources and Life Satisfaction
Kim, Seungyoun and Knight, Bob G.. 2018. "Caregiving Subgroups Differences in the Associations Between the Resilience Resources and Life Satisfaction." Journal of Applied Gerontology. 37 (12), pp. 1540-1563. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464816669804Relationships between ethical climate, justice perceptions, and LMX
Fein, Erich C., Tziner, Aharon, Lusky, Liat and Palachy, Ortal. 2013. "Relationships between ethical climate, justice perceptions, and LMX." Leadership and Organization Development Journal. 34 (2), pp. 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731311321913Raising the curtain: exploring dancers’ perceptions of obligation through the psychological contract lens
Stanway, Alicia R., Bordia, Sarbari and Fein, Erich C.. 2013. "Raising the curtain: exploring dancers’ perceptions of obligation through the psychological contract lens." Arts and Humanities in Higher Education: an international journal of theory, research and practice. 12 (2-3), pp. 254-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022212473523The consequences of transfer of training for service quality and job satisfaction: an empirical study in the Malaysian public sector
Zumrah, Abdul Rahim, Boyle, Stephen and Fein, Erich C.. 2013. "The consequences of transfer of training for service quality and job satisfaction: an empirical study in the Malaysian public sector." International Journal of Training and Development. 17 (4), pp. 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12017Adapting psychotherapy for older adults with Parkinson's disease
Knight, Bob, Dissanayaka, Nadeeka N. W. and Pachana, Nancy A.. 2016. "Adapting psychotherapy for older adults with Parkinson's disease." International Psychogeriatrics. 28 (10), pp. 1631-1636. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216000569Brief on the role of psychologists in residential and home care services for older adults
Davison, Tanya E., Koder, Deborah, Helmes, Edward, Doyle, Colleen, Bhar, Sunil, Mitchell, Leander, Hunter, Carol, Knight, Bob and Pachana, Nancy. 2016. "Brief on the role of psychologists in residential and home care services for older adults." Australian Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12209Age differences in the connection of mood and cognition: evidence from studies of mood congruent effects
Knight, Bob G., Rastegar, Sarah and Kim, Seungyoun. 2016. "Age differences in the connection of mood and cognition: evidence from studies of mood congruent effects." Warner Schaie, K. and Willis, Sherry L. (ed.) Handbook of the psychology of aging. Tokyo. Elsevier. pp. 280-302Psychological assessment and therapy with older adults
Knight, Bob G. and Pachana, Nancy A.. 2015. Psychological assessment and therapy with older adults. United Kingdom. Oxford University Press.Six habits to enhance MET performance under stress: a discussion paper reviewing team mechanisms for improved patient outcomes
Fein, Erich C., Mackie, Benjamin, Chernyak-Hai, Lily, O'Quinn, C. Richard V. and Ahmed, Ezaz. 2016. "Six habits to enhance MET performance under stress: a discussion paper reviewing team mechanisms for improved patient outcomes." Australian Critical Care. 29 (2), pp. 104-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2015.07.006Age differences in interpreting ambiguous situations: the effects of content themes and depressed mood
Juang, Christine and Knight, Bob G.. 2016. "Age differences in interpreting ambiguous situations: the effects of content themes and depressed mood." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 71 (6), pp. 1024-1033. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv037Considering the gap between Implicit Leadership Theories and expectations of actual leader behaviour: a three-study investigation of leadership beliefs in Romania
Fein, Erich C., Tziner, Aharon, Vasiliu, Cristinel and Felea, Mihai. 2015. "Considering the gap between Implicit Leadership Theories and expectations of actual leader behaviour: a three-study investigation of leadership beliefs in Romania." Journal of East European Management Studies. 20 (1), pp. 68-87. https://doi.org/10.1688/JEEMS-2015-01-FeinInfluences on the perception of elder financial abuse among older adults in Southern California
Knight, Bob G., Kim, Seungyoun, Rastegar, Sarah, Jones, Scott, Jump, Victoria and Wong, Serena. 2015. "Influences on the perception of elder financial abuse among older adults in Southern California." International Psychogeriatrics. 28 (1), pp. 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215000587Parental emotional support during emerging adulthood and baby boomers' well-being in midlife
Poon, Cecilia Y. M. and Knight, Bob G.. 2013. "Parental emotional support during emerging adulthood and baby boomers' well-being in midlife." International Journal of Behavioral Development. 37 (6), pp. 498-504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025413498217Cross-cultural differences in dementia: the sociocultural health belief model
Sayegh, Phillip and Knight, Bob G.. 2013. "Cross-cultural differences in dementia: the sociocultural health belief model." International Psychogeriatrics. 25 (4), pp. 517-530. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161021200213XAccreditation in the profession of psychology: a cautionary tale
Maiden, Robert, Knight, Bob G., Howe, Judith L. and Kim, Seungyoun. 2012. "Accreditation in the profession of psychology: a cautionary tale." Gerontology and Geriatrics Education. 33 (1), pp. 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701960.2012.640728Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention in promoting the well-being of independently living older people: results of the Well Elderly 2 Randomised Controlled Trial
Clark, Florence, Jackson, Jeanne, Carlson, Mike, Chou, Chih-Ping, Cherry, Barbara J., Jordan-Marsh, Maryalice, Knight, Bob G., Mandel, Deborah, Blanchard, Jeanine, Granger, Douglas A., Wilcox, Rand R., Lai, Mei Ying, White, Brett, Hay, Joel, Lam, Claudia, Marterella, Abbey and Azen, Stanley P.. 2012. "Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention in promoting the well-being of independently living older people: results of the Well Elderly 2 Randomised Controlled Trial." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 66 (9), pp. 782-790. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.099754Positivity effects in older adults' perception of facial emotion: the role of future time perspective
Kellough, Jennifer L. and Knight, Bob G.. 2012. "Positivity effects in older adults' perception of facial emotion: the role of future time perspective." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 67B (2), pp. 150-158. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr079Mental health and aging in the 21st century
Knight, Bob G. and Sayegh, Philip. 2011. "Mental health and aging in the 21st century." Journal of Aging & Social Policy. 23 (3), pp. 228-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2011.579494Impact of childhood parental abuse and neglect on sleep problems in old age
Poon, Cecilia Y. M. and Knight, Bob G.. 2011. "Impact of childhood parental abuse and neglect on sleep problems in old age ." Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 66B (3), pp. 307-310. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr003Training in professional psychology in the US: an increased focus on competency attainment
Knight, Bob G.. 2011. "Training in professional psychology in the US: an increased focus on competency attainment ." Australian Psychologist. 46 (2), pp. 140-141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9544.2011.00026.xMentoring for professional geropsychology within a doctoral program
Knight, Bob G.. 2011. "Mentoring for professional geropsychology within a doctoral program." Educational Gerontology: an international journal. 37 (5), pp. 378-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2011.553559The effects of familism and cultural justification on the mental and physical health of family caregivers
Sayegh, Philip and Knight, Bob G.. 2011. "The effects of familism and cultural justification on the mental and physical health of family caregivers." Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 66B (1), pp. 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq061Age differences in the complexity of emotion perception
Kim, Seungyoun, Geren, Jennifer L. and Knight, Bob G.. 2015. "Age differences in the complexity of emotion perception." Experimental Aging Research. 41 (5), pp. 556-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2015.1085727Contextual adult lifespan theory for adapting psychotherapy with older adults
Knight, B. G., Juang, Ch. and Poon, C. Y. M.. 2015. "Contextual adult lifespan theory for adapting psychotherapy with older adults." Maercker, I. A. (ed.) Alterpsychoterapie und klinische gerontopsycholgie. Heidelberg. Springer.Using the CALTAP life span developmental framework with older adults
Pachana, Nancy A., Mitchell, Leander K. and Knight, Bob G.. 2015. "Using the CALTAP life span developmental framework with older adults." GeroPsych. 28 (2), pp. 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000126Aging and the effects of emotion on cognition: implications for psychological interventions for depression and anxiety
Knight, Bob G. and Durbin, Kelly. 2015. "Aging and the effects of emotion on cognition: implications for psychological interventions for depression and anxiety." Psych Journal. 4 (1), pp. 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.84Adaptation of the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS) for the Korean cultural context
Kim, Seungyoun and Knight, Bob G.. 2015. "Adaptation of the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS) for the Korean cultural context." International Psychogeriatrics. 27 (2), pp. 267-278. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214002178Can we do better? Researchers' experiences with ethical review boards on projects with later life as a focus
Pachana, Nancy A., Liddle, Jacki, Peel, Nancye M., Beattie, Elizabeth, Juang, Christine and Knight, Bob G.. 2015. "Can we do better? Researchers' experiences with ethical review boards on projects with later life as a focus." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 43 (3), pp. 701-707. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-141956Functional assessment and neuropsychiatric inventory questionnaires: measurement invariance across Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites
Sayegh, Philip and Knight, Bob G.. 2014. "Functional assessment and neuropsychiatric inventory questionnaires: measurement invariance across Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites." The Gerontologist. 54 (3), pp. 375-386. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt026Assessment and diagnosis of dementia in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white outpatients
Sayegh, Philip and Knight, Bob G.. 2013. "Assessment and diagnosis of dementia in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white outpatients." The Gerontologist. 53 (5), pp. 760-769. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns190Emotional reactivity to network stress in middle and late adulthood: the role of childhood parental emotional abuse and support
Poon, Cecilia Y. M. and Knight, Bob G.. 2012. "Emotional reactivity to network stress in middle and late adulthood: the role of childhood parental emotional abuse and support." The Gerontologist. 52 (6), pp. 782-791. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns009Confirmatory factor analysis of a brief version of the Zarit Burden Inventory in black and white dementia caregivers
Flynn Longmire, Crystal V. and Knight, Bob G.. 2011. "Confirmatory factor analysis of a brief version of the Zarit Burden Inventory in black and white dementia caregivers." The Gerontologist. 51 (4), pp. 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnr011Tempering hard times: integrating well-being metrics into utility analysis
Tziner, Aharon, Fein, Erich C. and Birati, Assa. 2014. "Tempering hard times: integrating well-being metrics into utility analysis." Industrial and Organizational Psychology: perspectives on science and practice. 7 (4), pp. 554-568. https://doi.org/10.1111/iops.12195Clarifying the effect of work hours on health through work–life conflict
Fein, Erich C. and Skinner, Natalie. 2015. "Clarifying the effect of work hours on health through work–life conflict." Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources. 53 (4), pp. 448-470. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12065Virtue Ethics in Leadership Operations: A Pathway for Leadership Development
Fein, Eric C.. 2012. "Virtue Ethics in Leadership Operations: A Pathway for Leadership Development ." Harris, Howard, Wijesinghe, Gayathri and McKenzie, Stephen (ed.) The Heart of the Good Institution: Virtue Ethics as a Framework for Responsible Management. Netherlands. Springer. pp. 73-84This item comprises data from the following sources: Scopus