Contributing factors that influence medication errors in the prehospital paramedic environment: a mixed-method systematic review protocol

Article


Walker, Dennis, Moloney, Clint, SueSee, Brendan and Sharples, Renee. 2019. "Contributing factors that influence medication errors in the prehospital paramedic environment: a mixed-method systematic review protocol." BMJ Open. 9 (12), pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034094
Article Title

Contributing factors that influence medication errors in the prehospital paramedic environment: a mixed-method
systematic review protocol

ERA Journal ID200230
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsWalker, Dennis (Author), Moloney, Clint (Author), SueSee, Brendan (Author) and Sharples, Renee (Author)
Journal TitleBMJ Open
Journal Citation9 (12), pp. 1-5
Article Numbere034094
Number of Pages5
Year2019
PublisherBMJ
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN2044-6055
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034094
Web Address (URL)https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/12/e034094
Abstract

Introduction: There is limited reliable research available on medication errors in relation to paramedic practice, with most evidence-based medication safety guidelines based on research in nursing, operating theatre and pharmacy settings. While similarities exist, evidence suggests that the prehospital environment is distinctly different in many aspects. The prevention of errors requires attention to factors from the organisational and regulatory level down to specific tasks and patient characteristics. The evidence available suggests errors may occur in up to 12.76% of medication administrations in some prehospital settings. With multiple sources stating that the errors are under-reported, this represents significant potential for patient harm. This review will seek to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of medication errors by paramedics in the prehospital environment.

Methods and analysis: The review will include qualitative and quantitative studies involving interventions or phenomena regarding medication errors or medication safety relating to paramedics (including emergency medical technicians and other prehospital care providers) within the prehospital environment. A search will be conducted using MEDLINE (Ovid), EBSCOhost Megafile Search, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors trial registry, Google Scholar and the OpenGrey database to identify studies meeting this inclusion criteria, with initial searches commencing 30 September 2019. Studies selected will undergo assessment of methodological quality, with data to be extracted from all studies irrespective of quality. Each stage of study selection, appraisal and data extraction will be conducted by two reviewers, with a third reviewer deciding any unresolved conflicts. The review will follow a convergent integrated approach, conducting a single qualitative synthesis of qualitative and 'qualitised' quantitative data.

Ethics and dissemination: No ethical approval was required for this review. Findings from this systematic review will be disseminated via publications, reports and conference presentations.

Keywordsmedication error, medication safety, paramedic, pre-hospital
Related Output
Is part ofAn exploration of the factors contributing to paramedic medication errors in the pre-hospital environment
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020320219. Paramedicine
420503. Community and primary care
Public Notes

This article is part of a UniSQ Thesis by publication. See Related Output.

Byline AffiliationsSchool of Health and Wellbeing
School of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Linguistics, Adult and Specialist Education
Victoria University
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q5900/contributing-factors-that-influence-medication-errors-in-the-prehospital-paramedic-environment-a-mixed-method-systematic-review-protocol

Download files


Published Version
BMJ WALKER.pdf
License: CC BY-NC 4.0
File access level: Anyone

  • 253
    total views
  • 137
    total downloads
  • 1
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

How Can We Develop Physical Skills for all Abilities?
Pill, Shane and SueSee, Brendan. 2024. " How Can We Develop Physical Skills for all Abilities? " Girginov, Vassil and Martinnen, Risto (ed.) Routledge.
The impact of workplace factors, workload and culture on the medication safety practices of paramedics
Walker, Dennis, Hou, Janet, Long, David, SueSee, Brendan and Moloney, Clint. 2024. "The impact of workplace factors, workload and culture on the medication safety practices of paramedics." Australasian College of Paramedicine International Conference 2023. Melbourne, Australia 14 - 15 Sep 2023 United Kingdom .
Deep Learning-Assisted Sensitive 3C-SiC Sensor for Long-Term Monitoring of Physical Respiration
Tran, Thi Lap, Nguyen, Duy Van, Nguyen, Hung, Nguyen, Thi Phuoc Van, Song, Pingan, Deo, Ravinesh C, Moloney, Clint, Dao, Viet Dung, Nguyen, Nam-Trung and Dinh, Toan. 2024. "Deep Learning-Assisted Sensitive 3C-SiC Sensor for Long-Term Monitoring of Physical Respiration." Advanced Sensor Research. 3 (8). https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.202300159
The Spectrum of Teaching Styles and models-based practice for physical education
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan and Davies, Michael. 2024. "The Spectrum of Teaching Styles and models-based practice for physical education." European Physical Education Review. 30 (1), pp. 142-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X231189146
Corrigendum to "Understanding COPD Emergency Department presentations: using thematic analysis to explore the voices of patients, nurses, and doctors on the lived experience of managing COPD '' [Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, volume 40, issue 1
Moloney, Clint, Gow, Jeffrey, Beccaria, Gavin, Mullens, Amy, Phillips, Tania, Isaac, Hancy, King, Alex, Keijzers, Gerben, Rana, Rezwanul and Huang, Ya-Ling. 2023. "Corrigendum to "Understanding COPD Emergency Department presentations: using thematic analysis to explore the voices of patients, nurses, and doctors on the lived experience of managing COPD '' [Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, volume 40, issue 1 ." Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. https://doi.org/10.37464/2023.403.1280
An exploration of the factors contributing to paramedic medication errors in the pre-hospital environment
Walker, Dennis Rodney. 2023. An exploration of the factors contributing to paramedic medication errors in the pre-hospital environment. PhD by Publication Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/z6215
Self – Identified and Observed Coaching Styles of Australian Junior Community Cricket Coaches in During Net Sessions
SueSee, Brenden, Pill, Shane and Hewitt, Mitchell. 2023. "Self – Identified and Observed Coaching Styles of Australian Junior Community Cricket Coaches in During Net Sessions." National Youth Sport Conference 2023. Adelaide, Australia 16 - 17 Nov 2023
How The Spectrum of Teaching Styles can help Models Based Practice (MBP) fly further – highlighting the complexity of models
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2023. "How The Spectrum of Teaching Styles can help Models Based Practice (MBP) fly further – highlighting the complexity of models." Spectrum Institute of Teaching & Learning 2023. 24 - 24 Feb 2023
Reproduction cluster styles: From the spectrum of teaching styles
SueSee, Brendan. 2023. "Reproduction cluster styles: From the spectrum of teaching styles." ACHPER QLD 2023 HPE Conference. 17 - 18 Aug 2023 Australia.
Using Cricket to teach creativity and problem-solving
SueSee, Brendan and Maddox, Nathan. 2023. "Using Cricket to teach creativity and problem-solving." ACHPER QLD 2023 HPE Conference. 17 - 18 Aug 2023 Australia.
Understanding COPD Emergency Department presentations: using thematic analysis to explore the voices of patients, nurses, and doctors on the lived experience of managing COPD
Moloney, Clint, Gow, Jeffrey, Beccaria, Gavin, Mullens, Amy, Phillips, Tania, Isaac, Hancy, King, Alex, Keijzers, Gerben, Rana, Rezwanul and Huang, Ya-Ling. 2023. "Understanding COPD Emergency Department presentations: using thematic analysis to explore the voices of patients, nurses, and doctors on the lived experience of managing COPD." Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. 40 (1), pp. 12-20. https://doi.org/10.37464/2023.401.195
Arnold wanted X but we got Y – the Queensland senior physical education syllabus application of the Arnoldian perspective
SueSee, Brendan, Pill, Shane and Williams, John. 2023. "Arnold wanted X but we got Y – the Queensland senior physical education syllabus application of the Arnoldian perspective." Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2023.2269955
Characteristics and processes of registered nurses’ clinical reasoning and factors relating to the use of clinical reasoning in practice: a scoping review
Morgan, Sue, Hines, Sonia and Moloney, Clint. 2023. "Characteristics and processes of registered nurses’ clinical reasoning and factors relating to the use of clinical reasoning in practice: a scoping review." JBI Evidence Synthesis. 21 (4), pp. 713-743. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-21-00373
Spectrum of Teaching Styles in PE - Styles F-K
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2023. "Spectrum of Teaching Styles in PE - Styles F-K." PHASE Thailand. Phuket, Thailand 10 - 12 Mar 2023 Thailand.
Spectrum of teaching styles in PE - Styles A-E
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2023. "Spectrum of teaching styles in PE - Styles A-E ." PHASE - Asia Pacific. Phuket, Thailand 10 - 12 Mar 2023
Coaching Pedagogy
Pill, Shane and SueSee, Brendan. 2023. "Coaching Pedagogy." Toms, Martin and Jeanes, Ruth (ed.) Routledge Handbook of Coaching Children in Sport. United States. Routledge. pp. 16-26
Teaching Games and Sport for Understanding as a Spectrum of Teaching Styles
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2023. "Teaching Games and Sport for Understanding as a Spectrum of Teaching Styles." Pill, Shane, Gambles, Ellen-Alyssa and Griffin, Linda (ed.) Teaching Games and Sport for Understanding. United States. Routledge. pp. 108-116
Introduction: Taking the Spectrum of Teaching Styles to Sport Coaching
Pill, Shane and SueSee, Brendan. 2021. "Introduction: Taking the Spectrum of Teaching Styles to Sport Coaching." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Rankin and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 1-6
Player Initiated- Coach Supported: Style J
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Player Initiated- Coach Supported: Style J." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Taylor & Francis. pp. 94-100
Player Designed-Coach Supported: Style I
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Player Designed-Coach Supported: Style I." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Taylor & Francis. pp. 87-93
Cricket - Maximising practice, participation and thinking through games and game-based approaches
SueSee, Brendan and Maddox, Nathan. 2022. "Cricket - Maximising practice, participation and thinking through games and game-based approaches." 2022 Secondary HPE Conference. Brisbane, Australia 11 - 12 Aug 2022 Brisbane, Australia.
TGfU and The Spectrum of Teaching Styles
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2022. "TGfU and The Spectrum of Teaching Styles." TGfU SIG 40th Anniversary Webinar Series. Online 10 May 2022
Factors Influencing Medication Errors in the Prehospital Paramedic Environment: A Mixed Method Systematic Review
Walker, Dennis, Moloney, Clint, SueSee, Brendan, Sharples, Renee, Blackman, Rosanna, Long, David and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2023. "Factors Influencing Medication Errors in the Prehospital Paramedic Environment: A Mixed Method Systematic Review." Prehospital Emergency Care. 27 (5), pp. 669-686. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2022.2068089
Using The Spectrum to assist teachers meet syllabus/learning objectives – WHY?
SueSee, Brendan. 2022. "Using The Spectrum to assist teachers meet syllabus/learning objectives – WHY?" 2022 SITL Zoom Workshop Series: Hearing from the Spectrum Experts. Online 31 Jan 2022
Does distance to hospital affect emergency department presentations and hospital length of stay among COPD patients?
Rana, Rezwanul, Gow, Jeff, Moloney, Clint, King, Alex, Keijzers, Gerben, Beccaria, Gavin and Mullens, Amy. 2022. "Does distance to hospital affect emergency department presentations and hospital length of stay among COPD patients?" Internal Medicine Journal. 52 (3), pp. 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.15014
What can reciprocal style-C do for me?
Rusit, Rena, SueSee, Isa and SueSee, Brendan. 2022. "What can reciprocal style-C do for me?" Association of Independent Schools of NSW PDHPE Conference: The Power of Purpose (2022). Sydney, Australia 13 May 2022 Sydney, Australia.
Critical and Creative thinking through The Spectrum of Teaching Styles
SueSee, Brendan. 2022. "Critical and Creative thinking through The Spectrum of Teaching Styles." Association of Independent Schools of NSW PDHPE Conference: Pre-Conference Masterclass. Sydney, Australia 12 May 2022 Sydney, Australia.
Student Centred – A Spectrum of Teaching Styles Perspective
SueSee, Brendan. 2022. "Student Centred – A Spectrum of Teaching Styles Perspective." Association of Independent Schools of NSW PDHPE Conference: The Power of Purpose (2022). Sydney, Australia 13 May 2022 Sydney, Australia.
Spectrum of Teaching Styles in Sport Coaching
Pill, Shane and SueSee, Brendan. 2022. "Spectrum of Teaching Styles in Sport Coaching." PHASE Online Workshop Series - Spectrum of Teaching Styles in Sport Coaching. Online 23 Mar 2022 Australia.
The Spectrum and Physical Education
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2022. "The Spectrum and Physical Education." PHASE Online Workshop Series - The Spectrum of Teaching Styles. Online 19 Feb 2022 Australia.
Future Directions: Using The Spectrum in Coach Education
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Future Directions: Using The Spectrum in Coach Education." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 143-150
Game-Based and Direct Instruction Coaching Through a Spectrum of Teaching Styles Lens
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2021. "Game-Based and Direct Instruction Coaching Through a Spectrum of Teaching Styles Lens." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 123-133
Episodic Coaching
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2021. "Episodic Coaching." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 108-122
Coaching by Problem Solving (Convergent Discovery): Style G
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Coaching by Problem Solving (Convergent Discovery): Style G." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 74-79
Coaching by Guided Discovery: Style F
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Coaching by Guided Discovery: Style F." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 65-73
Small Group Coaching (Inclusion): Style E
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Small Group Coaching (Inclusion): Style E." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 58-64
Coaching by Individual Programming (Self Check): Style D
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Coaching by Individual Programming (Self Check): Style D." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 51-57
Reciprocal Coaching (Peer Coaching): Style C
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Reciprocal Coaching (Peer Coaching): Style C." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 42-50
Coaching by Task (Practice): Style B
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Coaching by Task (Practice): Style B." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) A Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 36-41
Coaching by Command: Style A
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Coaching by Command: Style A." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 26-35
A Spectrum of Coaching Styles: Tenets of the Approach
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan and Rankin, Joss. 2021. "A Spectrum of Coaching Styles: Tenets of the Approach." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 14-25
The Spectrum; A Philosophy of Deliberate Coaching
Pill, Shane and SueSee, Brendan. 2021. "The Spectrum; A Philosophy of Deliberate Coaching." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sports Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 7-13
Player Self-Coaching: Style K
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Player Self-Coaching: Style K." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 101-107
Coaching for Creativity (Divergent Discovery): Style H
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. "Coaching for Creativity (Divergent Discovery): Style H." Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch (ed.) The Spectrum of Sport Coaching Styles. New York, United States. Routledge. pp. 80-86
Development of an Electronic Interdisciplinary Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Proforma (E-ICP) to Improve Interdisciplinary Guideline Adherence in the Emergency Department: Modified Delphi Study
Isaac, Hancy, Keijzers, Gerben, Yang, Ian A., Lea, Jackie, Taylor, Melissa and Moloney, Clint. 2022. "Development of an Electronic Interdisciplinary Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Proforma (E-ICP) to Improve Interdisciplinary Guideline Adherence in the Emergency Department: Modified Delphi Study." International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 17, pp. 1089-1106. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S358254
Mapping of Modifiable Factors with Interdisciplinary Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Guidelines Adherence to the Theoretical Domains Framework: A Systematic Review
Issac, Hancy, Moloney, Clint, Taylor, Melissa and Lea, Jackie. 2022. "Mapping of Modifiable Factors with Interdisciplinary Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Guidelines Adherence to the Theoretical Domains Framework: A Systematic Review." Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 15, pp. 47-79. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S343277
Associated factors, assessment, management, and outcomes of patients who present to the emergency department for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A scoping review
Phillips, Tania M., Moloney, Clint, Sneath, Emily, Beccaria, Gavin, Issac, Hancy, Mullens, Amy B., Gow, Jeff, Rana, Rezwanul and King, Alex. 2022. "Associated factors, assessment, management, and outcomes of patients who present to the emergency department for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A scoping review." Respiratory Medicine. 193, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106747
The spectrum of sport coaching styles
Pill, Shane, SueSee, Brendan, Rankin, Joss and Hewitt, Mitch. 2021. The spectrum of sport coaching styles. New York, United States. Routledge.
Teachers’ experiences of teaching the Australian Health and Physical Education Health Benefits of Physical Activity curriculum and the need for greater reality congruence
Williams, John, Davies, Michael J., SueSee, Brendan and Hunt, Dylan. 2022. "Teachers’ experiences of teaching the Australian Health and Physical Education Health Benefits of Physical Activity curriculum and the need for greater reality congruence." Curriculum Perspectives. 42 (1), pp. 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41297-021-00154-4
How registered nurses balance limited resources in order to maintain competence: a grounded theory study
Rees, Sharon, Farley, Helen and Moloney, Clint. 2021. "How registered nurses balance limited resources in order to maintain competence: a grounded theory study." BMC Nursing. 20 (1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00672-6
'Getting the Tip of the Pen on the Paper': How the Spectrum of Teaching Styles Narrows the Gap Between the Hope and the Happening
SueSee, Brendan, Pill, Shane, Davies, Michael and Williams, John. 2021. "'Getting the Tip of the Pen on the Paper': How the Spectrum of Teaching Styles Narrows the Gap Between the Hope and the Happening." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. 41 (4), pp. 640-649. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2021-0164
How the Spectrum of Teaching Styles can help Models Based Practice (MBP) fly further – highlighting the complexity of models
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2021. "How the Spectrum of Teaching Styles can help Models Based Practice (MBP) fly further – highlighting the complexity of models." Phase online 2021. Online 13 - 18 Sep 2021
We need to talk about Peter (Arnold)
SueSee, Brendan. 2021. "We need to talk about Peter (Arnold)." 2021 QLD Secondary HPE Conference. Brisbane, Australia 12 - 13 Aug 2021 Australia.
Future considerations on the spectrum
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2021. "Future considerations on the spectrum." 2021 AIESEP Scientific Conference: Descending the Mountain. Canada 07 - 10 Jun 2021 Canada.
Reconsidering The Spectrum of Teaching Styles and models based practice
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2021. "Reconsidering The Spectrum of Teaching Styles and models based practice." 2021 AIESEP Scientific Conference: Descending the Mountain. Canada 07 - 10 Jun 2021 Canada.
Beyond criticism of ethics review boards: strategies for engaging research communities and enhancing ethical review processes
Hickey, Andrew, Davis, Samantha, Farmer, Will, Dawidowicz, Julianna, Moloney, Clint, Lamont-Mills, Andrea, Carniel, Jess, Pillay, Yosheen, Akenson, David, Bromdal, Annette, Gehrmann, Richard, Mills, Dean, Kolbe-Alexander, Tracy, Machin, Tanya, Reich, Suzanne, Southey, Kim, Crowley-Cyr, Lynda, Watanabe, Taiji, Davenport, Josh, ..., Maxwell, Jacinta. 2021. "Beyond criticism of ethics review boards: strategies for engaging research communities and enhancing ethical review processes." Journal of Academic Ethics. 20, pp. 549-567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-021-09430-4
Exploring factors contributing to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) guideline non-adherence and potential solutions in the emergency department: interdisciplinary staff perspective
Issac, Hancy, Taylor, Melissa, Moloney, Clint and Lea, Jackie. 2021. "Exploring factors contributing to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) guideline non-adherence and potential solutions in the emergency department: interdisciplinary staff perspective." Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 14, pp. 767-785. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S276702
3 discovery episodes from the spectrum of teaching styles
SueSee, Brendan. 2021. "3 discovery episodes from the spectrum of teaching styles." South Australian ACHPER Conference - Quality PE Conference: The Spectrum of Teaching Styles (2021). Adelaide, Australia 27 Aug 2021 Australia.
Reducing avoidable COPD emergency room presentations
Phillips, Tania and Moloney, Clint. Reducing avoidable COPD emergency room presentations. Toowoomba. https://doi.org/10.26192/pt3h-3956
Estimating the frequency and cost of emergency department presentations and hospitalisation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a retrospective analysis from regional Queensland
Rana, Rezwanul, Gow, Jeff, Moloney, Clint, King, Alex, Keijzers, Gerben, Beccaria, Gavin and Mullens, Amy. 2021. "Estimating the frequency and cost of emergency department presentations and hospitalisation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a retrospective analysis from regional Queensland." Emergency Medicine Australasia. 33 (3), pp. 491-498. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13665
Reducing Avoidable Copd Emergency Room Presentations: An Integrated Cross-Health Service Utilisation Scoping Initiative In South Queensland
Moloney, C., Beccaria, G., Sneath, E., Mullens, A., Issac, H., King, A., Gow, J. and Phillips, T.. 2020. "Reducing Avoidable Copd Emergency Room Presentations: An Integrated Cross-Health Service Utilisation Scoping Initiative In South Queensland." The Thoracic Society of Australia & New Zealand and the Australian and New Zealand Society of Respiratory Science Annual Scientific Meeting for Leaders in Lung Health & Respiratory Science (TSANZSRS 2020). Melbourne, Australia 27 - 31 Mar 2020 Australia. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13778
The game sense approach as play with purpose
Pill, Shane and SueSee, Brendan. 2021. "The game sense approach as play with purpose." Pill, Shane (ed.) Perspectives on game-based coaching. Abingdon, United Kingdom. Routledge. pp. 1-10
Mapping of modifiable barriers and facilitators with interdisciplinary chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) guidelines concordance within hospitals to the Theoretical Domains Framework: a mixed methods systematic review protocol
Issac, Hancy, Moloney, Clint, Taylor, Melissa and Lea, Jackie. 2020. "Mapping of modifiable barriers and facilitators with interdisciplinary chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) guidelines concordance within hospitals to the Theoretical Domains Framework: a mixed methods systematic review protocol." BMJ Open. 10 (7). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036060
The spectrum of teaching styles in physical education
SueSee, Brendan, Hewitt, Mitch and Pill, Shane. 2020. The spectrum of teaching styles in physical education. London, United Kingdom. Routledge.
Future considerations on the spectrum
Hewitt, Mitch, Pill, Shane and SueSee, Brendan. 2020. "Future considerations on the spectrum." SueSee, Brendan, Hewitt, Mitch and Pill, Shane (ed.) The spectrum of teaching styles in physical education. London, United Kingdom. Routledge. pp. 166-177
Effects of the reciprocal teaching style on skill acquisition, verbal interaction and ability to analyse in fifth grade children in physical education
Goldberger, Michael and SueSee, Brendan. 2020. "Effects of the reciprocal teaching style on skill acquisition, verbal interaction and ability to analyse in fifth grade children in physical education." SueSee, Brendan, Hewitt, Mitch and Pill, Shane (ed.) The spectrum of teaching styles in physical education. London, United Kingdom. Routledge. pp. 116-127
Reconciling approaches: Mosston and Ashworth’s Spectrum of Teaching Styles as a tool to examine the complexity of any teaching (or coaching) approach
SueSee, Brendan, Pill, Shane and Hewitt, Mitch. 2020. "Reconciling approaches: Mosston and Ashworth’s Spectrum of Teaching Styles as a tool to examine the complexity of any teaching (or coaching) approach." SueSee, Brendan, Hewitt, Mitch and Pill, Shane (ed.) The spectrum of teaching styles in physical education. London, United Kingdom. Routledge. pp. 73-84
Using The Spectrum to interrogate the Teaching Styles of physical education teachers
SueSee, Brendan. 2020. "Using The Spectrum to interrogate the Teaching Styles of physical education teachers." SueSee, Brendan, Hewitt, Mitch and Pill, Shane (ed.) The Spectrum of Teaching Styles in Physical Education. Abingdon, United Kingdom. Routledge. pp. 37-47
Introduction to the spectrum
Hewitt, Mitch, SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2020. "Introduction to the spectrum." SueSee, Brendan, Hewitt, Mitch and Pill, Shane (ed.) The spectrum of teaching styles in physical education. London, United Kingdom. Routledge. pp. 1-13
Physical education teachers’ use of digital game design principles
Pill, Shane, Hyndman, Brendon, SueSee, Brendan and Williams, John. 2021. "Physical education teachers’ use of digital game design principles." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. 40 (1), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2019-0036
Recommendations and practices for holistic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) assessment and optimal referral patterns in emergency department presentations: a scoping review protocol
Moloney, Clint, Beccaria, Gavin, Mullens, Amy, Issac, Hancy and Phillips, Tania. 2019. "Recommendations and practices for holistic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) assessment and optimal referral patterns in emergency department presentations: a scoping review protocol ." BMJ Open. 9 (8), pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030358
Physical education across the international media: a five-year analysis
Hyndman, B., SueSee, B., McMaster, N., Harvey, S., Jefferson-Buchanan, R., Cruickshank, V., Barnes, M. and Pill, S.. 2020. "Physical education across the international media: a five-year analysis." Sport, Education and Society. 25 (3), pp. 274-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2019.1583640
Self-reported and observed teaching styles of Swedish physical education teachers
SueSee, B. and Barker, D. M.. 2019. "Self-reported and observed teaching styles of Swedish physical education teachers." Curriculum Studies in Health and Physical Education. 10 (1), pp. 34-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/25742981.2018.1552498
Game-based teaching and coaching as a toolkit of teaching styles
SueSee, Brendan and Pill, Shane. 2018. "Game-based teaching and coaching as a toolkit of teaching styles." Strategies: A Journal for Physical and Sport Educators. 31 (5), pp. 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/08924562.2018.1490233
Observed teaching styles of senior physical education teachers in Australia
SueSee, Brendan, Edwards, Ken, Pill, Shane and Cuddihy, Thomas. 2019. "Observed teaching styles of senior physical education teachers in Australia." Curriculum Perspectives. 39 (1), pp. 47-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41297-018-0048-8
Interrogating assumptions of a curriculum: Queensland Senior Physical Education Syllabus
SueSee, Brendan, Pill, Shane and Edwards, Ken. 2018. "Interrogating assumptions of a curriculum: Queensland Senior Physical Education Syllabus." Physical Educator: a magazine for the profession. 75 (5), pp. 850-879. https://doi.org/10.18666/TPE-2018-V75-I5-8283
Self-reported teaching styles of Australian senior physical education teachers
SueSee, Brendan, Edwards, Ken, Pill, Shane and Cuddihy, Tom. 2018. "Self-reported teaching styles of Australian senior physical education teachers." Curriculum Perspectives. 38 (1), pp. 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41297-018-0041-2
Spectrum of teaching styles: practical examples
Hewitt, Mitch, Edwards, Ken and SueSee, Brendan. 2017. "Spectrum of teaching styles: practical examples." 30th ACHPER International Conference. Canberra, Australia 16 - 18 Jan 2017
Face-to-face instruction combined with online resources improves retention of clinical skills among undergraduate nursing students
Terry, Victoria R., Terry, Peter C., Moloney, Clint and Bowtell, Les. 2018. "Face-to-face instruction combined with online resources improves retention of clinical skills among undergraduate nursing students." Nurse Education Today. 61, pp. 15-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.10.014
Does metabolic syndrome predict surgical complications? A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Norris, Philip, Ralph, Nicholas and Moloney, Clint. 2017. "Does metabolic syndrome predict surgical complications? A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis." Systematic Reviews. 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0515-6
Non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention and management of violence in hospitalised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Munt, Natasha, Ralph, Nicholas and Moloney, Clint. 2017. "Non-pharmacological interventions for the prevention and management of violence in hospitalised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis." PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. 10 May 2017.
Characteristics and processes of clinical reasoning in nurses and factors related to its use: a scoping review protocol
Griffits, Susan, Hines, Sonia, Moloney, Clint and Ralph, Nicholas. 2017. "Characteristics and processes of clinical reasoning in nurses and factors related to its use: a scoping review protocol." JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 15 (12), pp. 2832-2836. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003273
Including critical thinking and problem solving in physical education
Pill, Shane and SueSee, Brendan. 2017. "Including critical thinking and problem solving in physical education." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. 88 (9), pp. 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2017.1367741
Flooded with evidence: using a 'spillway' model to improve research implementation in nursing practice
Moloney, Clint, Ralph, Nicholas and Taylor, Melissa. 2016. "Flooded with evidence: using a 'spillway' model to improve research implementation in nursing practice." Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. 34 (1), pp. 23-31.
How the Spectrum can help me meet ACARA descriptors
SueSee, Brendan, Edwards, Ken and Hewitt, Mitch. 2017. "How the Spectrum can help me meet ACARA descriptors." 30th ACHPER International Conference. Canberra, Australia 16 - 18 Jan 2017 Australia.
How would the spectrum explain game sense?
SueSee, Brendan and Edwards, Ken. 2016. "How would the spectrum explain game sense?" AIESEP International Conference (2016). Laramie, United States 09 - 12 Jun 2016
Spectrum of teaching styles
Hewitt, Mitch, Edwards, Ken and SueSee, Brendan. 2017. "Spectrum of teaching styles." 30th ACHPER International Conference. Canberra, Australia 16 - 18 Jan 2017
Surgical risks for patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Norris, Philip, Ralph, Nicholas and Moloney, Clint. 2016. "Surgical risks for patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis." PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. 9 Nov 2016.
ACCERT: aged care community education research training
Moloney, Clint W. and Taylor, Melissa. 2013. "ACCERT: aged care community education research training." Joanna Briggs Institute International Convention (JBI 2013): The 2013 Campaign for Getting Evidence into Policy. Adelaide, Australia 21 - 23 Oct 2013 Melbourne, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12034
Online intravenous pump emulator: as effective as face-to-face simulation for training nursing students
Terry, Victoria R., Moloney, Clint, Bowtell, Leslie and Terry, Peter C.. 2016. "Online intravenous pump emulator: as effective as face-to-face simulation for training nursing students." Nurse Education Today. 40, pp. 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.03.004
Reconciling approaches – a game centred approach to sport teaching and Mosston's spectrum of teaching styles
SueSee, Brendan, Pill, Shane and Edwards, Kenneth. 2016. "Reconciling approaches – a game centred approach to sport teaching and Mosston's spectrum of teaching styles." European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science. 2 (4), pp. 69-96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.163966
Mobile learning initiatives in nursing education
Rees, Sharon, Moloney, Clint and Farley, Helen. 2015. "Mobile learning initiatives in nursing education." Zhang, Yu (Aimee) (ed.) Handbook of mobile teaching and learning. Berlin, Germany. Springer. pp. 275-289
Self-identified and observed teaching styles: a case study of senior physical education teachers in Queensland schools
SueSee, Brendan and Edwards, Ken. 2015. "Self-identified and observed teaching styles: a case study of senior physical education teachers in Queensland schools." Harmes, Marcus K., Huijser, Henk and Danaher, Patrick Alan (ed.) Myths in education, learning and teaching: policies, practices and principles. Basingstoke, United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 73-93
An evidence-based approach to the prevention and initial management of skin tears within the aged community setting: a best practice implementation project
Beechey, Rebekah, Priest, Laura, Peters, Micah and Moloney, Clint. 2015. "An evidence-based approach to the prevention and initial management of skin tears within the aged community setting: a best practice implementation project." JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 13 (5), pp. 421-443. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2015-2073
Digital skills in healthcare practice
Moloney, Clint and Farley, Helen. 2015. "Digital skills in healthcare practice." Lawrence, Jill, Perrin, Cheryl and Kiernan, Eleanor (ed.) Building professional nursing communication. Port Melbourne, Australia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 155-181
Contributing to evidence-based healthcare cultures through lifelong learning
Beccaria, Lisa, Moloney, Clint and Lockwood, Craig. 2015. "Contributing to evidence-based healthcare cultures through lifelong learning." Lawrence, Jill, Perrin, Cheryl and Kiernan, Eleanor (ed.) Building professional nursing communication. Port Melbourne, Australia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 205-240
Safety and quality in clinical communication
Ralph, Nicholas and Moloney, Clint. 2015. "Safety and quality in clinical communication." Birks, Melanie, Davis, Jenny and Chapman, Ysanne B. (ed.) Professional and therapeutic communication. South Melbourne, Australia. Oxford University Press. pp. 173-194
Assessing the risk of falls among community dwelling older adults: a best practice implementation project
Lonergan, Holly and Moloney, Clint. 2014. "Assessing the risk of falls among community dwelling older adults: a best practice implementation project." JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 12 (8), pp. 364-393. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2014-1456
Assessment and non-pharmacological management among adults with a dementia diagnosis in a residential care setting: a best practice implementation project
Hynes, Antonia, Beirne, Sue, Taylor, Melissa and Moloney, Clint. 2014. "Assessment and non-pharmacological management among adults with a dementia diagnosis in a residential care setting: a best practice implementation project." JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 12 (9), pp. 489-501. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2014-1686
Malnutrition screening among elderly people in a community setting: a best practice implementation project
Craven, Dana, Munn, Zachary, Moloney, Clint and Taylor, Melissa. 2014. "Malnutrition screening among elderly people in a community setting: a best practice implementation project." JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 12 (3), pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2014-1454
A case study of a Queensland senior physical education syllabus: does the rubber (ever) meet the road?
SueSee, Brendan and Edwards, Ken. 2013. "A case study of a Queensland senior physical education syllabus: does the rubber (ever) meet the road?" Mooney, Amanda and Quay, John (ed.) 28th ACHPER International Conference (ACHPER 2013): A Defining Time. Melbourne, Australia 27 - 29 Nov 2013 Hindmarsh, South Australia.
Behavioural intention and user acceptance of research evidence for Queensland nurses: provision of solutions from the clinician
Moloney, Clint Wayne. 2013. "Behavioural intention and user acceptance of research evidence for Queensland nurses: provision of solutions from the clinician." Nurse Education in Practice. 13 (4), pp. 310-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2013.03.017
Enhancing nursing education with remote access laboratories
Bowtell, Les, Moloney, Clint, Kist, Alexander A., Parker, Victoria, Maxwell, Andrew and Reedy, Natasha. 2012. "Enhancing nursing education with remote access laboratories." International Journal of Online Engineering. 8 (Special Issue), pp. 52-59. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v8iS4.2279
Using remote access laboratories in nursing education
Bowtell, Les, Moloney, Clint, Kist, Alexander A., Parker, Victoria, Maxwell, Andrew and Reedy, Natasha. 2012. "Using remote access laboratories in nursing education." 9th International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV 2012). Bilbao, Spain 04 - 06 Jun 2012 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/REV.2012.6293148
Behavioural intention and user acceptance of research evidence for Queensland nurses: provision of solutions from the clinician
Moloney, Clint. 2011. Behavioural intention and user acceptance of research evidence for Queensland nurses: provision of solutions from the clinician. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
A qualitative evaluation of the effectiveness of videoconferencing to support the training of orthopaedic registrars
Scott, Annette, Gururajan, Raj, Moloney, Clint and Gururajan, Vijaya. 2006. "A qualitative evaluation of the effectiveness of videoconferencing to support the training of orthopaedic registrars." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 12 (3 (Supplement)), pp. 69-70. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763306779379969
Self-identified and observed teaching styles of senior physical education teachers in Queensland schools
SueSee, Brendan and Edwards, Ken. 2011. "Self-identified and observed teaching styles of senior physical education teachers in Queensland schools." Dodd, Graham D. (ed.) 27th Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation Conference (ACHPER 2011): Moving, Learning and Achieving. Adelaide, Australia 18 - 20 Apr 2011 Adelaide, Australia.
The role of wireless technology in addressing sleeping disorders in aged care
Moloney, Clint. 2010. "The role of wireless technology in addressing sleeping disorders in aged care." Pease, Wayne, Cooper, Malcolm and Gururajan, Raj (ed.) Biomedical knowledge management: infrastructures and processes for e-health systems. Hershey, PA. United States. IGI Global. pp. 279-288
Developing the descriptions of landmark teaching styles: a spectrum inventory
SueSee, Brendan and Edwards, Kenneth D.. 2009. "Developing the descriptions of landmark teaching styles: a spectrum inventory." Cuddihy, Thomas F. and Brymer, Eric (ed.) 26th Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation International Conference (ACHPER 2009): Creating Active Futures. Brisbane, Australia 07 - 10 Jul 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
Perceived facilitators and inhibitors for the use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) by nurses: a systematic review
Moloney, Clint and Beccaria, Lisa Mara. 2009. "Perceived facilitators and inhibitors for the use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) by nurses: a systematic review." JBI Library of Systematic Reviews. 7 (33), pp. 1430-1491. https://doi.org/10.11124/01938924-200907330-00001
A systematic review of psychometric evidence and expert opinion regarding the assessment of faecal incontinence in older community-dwelling adults
Fallon, Anthony Bruce, Westaway, Julie and Moloney, Clint. 2008. "A systematic review of psychometric evidence and expert opinion regarding the assessment of faecal incontinence in older community-dwelling adults." International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare. 6 (2), pp. 225-259.
A discussion on the legal barriers in addressing sleeping disorders in aged care using wireless technology
Moloney, Clint and Gururajan, Raj. 2004. "A discussion on the legal barriers in addressing sleeping disorders in aged care using wireless technology." Conrick, Moya and Soar, Jeffrey (ed.) 1st Australian Aged and Community Care Informatics Conference (ACCIC'04). Brisbane, Australia 24 - 25 Aug 2004 Brunswick East, Australia.
Implementation of oral health recommendations into two residential aged care facilities in a regional Australian city
Fallon, Tony, Buikstra, Elizabeth, Cameron, Michelle, Hegney, Desley, Mackenzie, Debra, March, Judith, Moloney, Clint and Pitt, Jacinta. 2006. "Implementation of oral health recommendations into two residential aged care facilities in a regional Australian city." International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare. 4 (3), pp. 162-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-6988.2006.00040.x
To what extent will the annual number of episodes of acute confusion within a medical unit be reduced following the introduction of high risk indicators and early intervention strategies
Moloney, Clint. 2005. To what extent will the annual number of episodes of acute confusion within a medical unit be reduced following the introduction of high risk indicators and early intervention strategies. Masters Thesis Master of Health Science. University of Southern Queensland.
Challenges for implementing wireless hand-held technology in health care: views from selected Queensland nurses
Gururajan, Raj, Moloney, Clint and Soar, Jeffrey. 2005. "Challenges for implementing wireless hand-held technology in health care: views from selected Queensland nurses." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 11 (2 (Supplement)), pp. 37-38. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763305775124849
Out patient orthopaedic consultations via telehealth: a qualitative study
Gururajan, Raj, Gururajan, Vijaya, Moloney, Clint and Scott, Annette. 2005. "Out patient orthopaedic consultations via telehealth: a qualitative study." Beekhuyzen, Jenine, Von Hellens, Lisa, Guest, Karen, Morley, Morley and Collier, Toni (ed.) 2005 QualIT Challenges for Qualitative Research. Brisbane, Australia 23 - 25 Nov 2005 Brisbane, Australia.
Facilitators and inhibitors for wireless handheld technology: views from Queensland nurses
Gururajan, Raj and Moloney, Clint. 2005. "Facilitators and inhibitors for wireless handheld technology: views from Queensland nurses." Beekhuyzen, Jenine, Von Hellens, Lisa, Guest, Karen, Morley, Morley and Collier, Toni (ed.) 2005 QualIT Challenges for Qualitative Research. Brisbane, Australia 23 - 25 Nov 2005 Brisbane, Australia.
Adoption of wireless handheld technology: a case of Queensland healthcare
Gururajan, Raj, Hafeez-Baig, Abdul and Moloney, Clint. 2005. "Adoption of wireless handheld technology: a case of Queensland healthcare." Yeung, Jeff (ed.) 5th International Conference on Electronic Business: Enhancing Logistics & Supply Chain Competence Through E-Business (ICEB 2005). Hong Kong, China 05 - 09 Dec 2005 Hong Kong, China.
Drivers for wireless handheld technology: views from Queensland nurses
Gururajan, Raj, Moloney, Clint and Kerr, Don. 2005. "Drivers for wireless handheld technology: views from Queensland nurses." Shehadie, Elias (ed.) Australasian Business and Behavioural Sciences Association Conference 2005 (ABBSA 2005). Cairns, Australia 05 - 07 Aug 2005 Australia.
An investigation into the factors of adoption of wireless applications for data management by nurses
Gururajan, Raj, Kerr, Don, Moloney, Clint and Houghton, Luke. 2005. "An investigation into the factors of adoption of wireless applications for data management by nurses." Eldon, Li (ed.) APDSI 2005. Taipei, Taiwan 28 Jun - 02 Jul 2005 Taipei, Taiwan.
Instrument for collecting teachers' beliefs about their teaching styles used in physical education: an adaptation of the Description Inventory of Landmark Teaching Styles: A Spectrum Approach
Ashworth, Sara, SueSee, Brendan and Edwards, Ken. 2006. "Instrument for collecting teachers' beliefs about their teaching styles used in physical education: an adaptation of the Description Inventory of Landmark Teaching Styles: A Spectrum Approach." Spectrum of Teaching Styles online.