Getting the context right for good assessment practice

Edited book (chapter)


Hunt, Lynne, Hammer, Sara and Sankey, Michael. 2012. "Getting the context right for good assessment practice." Clouder, Lynn, Broughan, Christine, Jewell, Steve and Steventon, Graham (ed.) Improving student engagement and development through assessment: theory and practice in higher education. London, United Kingdom. Routledge. pp. 166-180
Chapter Title

Getting the context right for good assessment practice

Book Chapter CategoryEdited book (chapter)
ERA Publisher ID3137
3415
Book TitleImproving student engagement and development through assessment: theory and practice in higher education
AuthorsHunt, Lynne (Author), Hammer, Sara (Author) and Sankey, Michael (Author)
EditorsClouder, Lynn, Broughan, Christine, Jewell, Steve and Steventon, Graham
Page Range166-180
Number of Pages15
Year2012
PublisherRoutledge
Taylor & Francis
Place of PublicationLondon, United Kingdom
ISBN9780415618205
9780203817520
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203817520
Web Address (URL)http://www.tandfebooks.com/isbn/9780203817520
Abstract

This chapter provides a case study about what happened to promote good assessment practices at a regional university in Australia. It provides a 360˚ perspective on the top-down, middle-out and bottom-up strategies that were used to get the context right for quality assessment. The argument is that good assessment practice is a whole-of-university responsibility. A simple story illustrates this. Self-plagiarism became a topic of discussion at the University's Learning and Teaching Committee. The question was: What should be done when a student's turnitin.com report indicates considerable overlap with previous assignments completed by the student? The outcome of the deliberations suggested that higher education students should demonstrate evidence of growth and development through assignments. Of necessity, this will result in some overlap and higher order application of previous assignments. Secondly, if the overlap is extensive, then there is something wrong with the systematic design of assessment in the overall degree programme. In brief, staff teaching in the same programme should be aware of assessment tasks in other modules or units and avoid duplication. At the heart of this discussion lay a presumption that universities have a responsibility to facilitate coherent student learning journeys. This provides the starting point for this chapter which argues that good assessment practice in universities is more than the outcome of individual efforts to design meaningful student assignments. It also requires systematic and university-wide strategies that assure and support quality assessment.

Keywordsassessment; university; regional; learning and teaching; program revitalisation project; student learning journey; change leadership; graduate skills; graduate attributes; academic learning skills; program mapping; higher education research
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020390307. Teacher education and professional development of educators
390403. Educational administration, management and leadership
390402. Education assessment and evaluation
Public Notes

Files associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions.

Byline AffiliationsLearning and Teaching Support Unit
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q15v8/getting-the-context-right-for-good-assessment-practice

Download files


Other Documentation
Binder4.pdf
File access level: Anyone

  • 1820
    total views
  • 416
    total downloads
  • 5
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

SILS Effective Handover Project Report, December 2017
Sherwin, Leonie, Firman, Elizabeth, Pobar, Sally, Eacersall, Douglas, Hammer, Sara, Myatt, Jason, Leeson, Amanda and Thangavelu, Anbarasu. 2017. SILS Effective Handover Project Report, December 2017. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Career adaptability and career adaptive behaviors: a qualitative analysis of university students’ participation in extracurricular activities
Brown, Jason L., Dollinger, Mollie, Hammer, Sarah J. and McIlveen, Peter. 2021. "Career adaptability and career adaptive behaviors: a qualitative analysis of university students’ participation in extracurricular activities." Australian Journal of Career Development. 30 (3), pp. 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1177/10384162211067014
The role of educational theory in the future development of paramedicine as a profession: an integrative review
Bell, Andy, Hammer, Sara and Seymour-Walsh, Amy. 2021. "The role of educational theory in the future development of paramedicine as a profession: an integrative review." Australasian Journal of Paramedicine. 18. https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.18.941
Relations between graduates’ learning experiences and employment outcomes: a cautionary note for institutional performance indicators
Brown, Jason L., Hammer, Sara J., Perera, Harsha N. and McIlveen, Peter. 2022. "Relations between graduates’ learning experiences and employment outcomes: a cautionary note for institutional performance indicators." International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance. 22 (1), pp. 137-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-021-09477-0
Career Assessment
McIlveen, Peter, Perera, Harsha N., Brown, Jason, Healy, Michael and Hammer, Sara. 2021. "Career Assessment." Robertson, Peter J., Hooley, Tristram and McCash, Phil (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Career Development. United States. Oxford University Press. pp. 1-15
Style or substance: how Australian universities contextualise their graduate attributes for the curriculum quality space
Hammer, Sara, Ayriss, Peter and McCubbin, Amanda. 2021. "Style or substance: how Australian universities contextualise their graduate attributes for the curriculum quality space." Higher Education Research and Development. 40 (3), pp. 508-523. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2020.1761304
Mapping graduate employability and career development in higher education research: A citation network analysis
Healy, Michael, Hammer, Sara and McIlveen, Peter. 2022. "Mapping graduate employability and career development in higher education research: A citation network analysis." Studies in Higher Education. 47 (4), pp. 799-811. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1804851
Longer-term benefits for those benchmarking technology enhanced learning: Facilitating excellence slowly but surely
Sankey, Michael and Padro, Fernando F.. 2018. "Longer-term benefits for those benchmarking technology enhanced learning: Facilitating excellence slowly but surely ." Innovation, Excellence, Diversity: Third Annual TEQSA Conference (2018). Melbourne, Australia 28 - 30 Nov 2018
Integrating connectedness learning into institutional program review processes in an Australian regional university
Hammer, Sara, Ayriss, Peter, Basson, Marita, Batorowicz, Beata, Devine, Jo, Forbes, Melissa, Kist, Alexander, McCredie, Tessa, McCubbin, Amanda and Wade, Bill. 2019. "Integrating connectedness learning into institutional program review processes in an Australian regional university." Bridgstock, Ruth and Tippett, Neil (ed.) Higher education and the future of graduate employability: a connectedness learning approach. Cheltenham, UK. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 209-229
Benchmarking as an instrument for continuous improvement in a regulated higher education quality assurance environment
Padro, Fernando F. and Sankey, Michael. 2018. "Benchmarking as an instrument for continuous improvement in a regulated higher education quality assurance environment." Krishnan, Archana (ed.) Cases on quality initiatives for organizational longevity. Hershey, PA, USA. IGI Global. pp. 35-73
Developing a generic review framework to assure capstone quality
Hammer, Sara, Abawi, Lindy, Gibbings, Peter, Jones, Hazel, Redmond, Petrea and Shams, Syed. 2018. "Developing a generic review framework to assure capstone quality." Higher Education Research and Development. 37 (4), pp. 730-743. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2018.1453787
A twin-initiative transforming curriculum development processes
Abawi, Lindy-Anne, Gibbings, Peter and Hammer, Sara. 2017. "A twin-initiative transforming curriculum development processes." 40th Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia Annual Conference (HERDSA 2017). Sydney, Australia 27 - 30 Jun 2017
Use of My Career Chapter to engage students in reflexive dialogue
Healy, Michael, McIlveen, Peter and Hammer, Sara. 2018. "Use of My Career Chapter to engage students in reflexive dialogue." Meijers, Frans and Hermans, Hubert (ed.) The dialogical self theory in education: a multicultural perspective. The Netherlands. Springer. pp. 173-187
Benchmarking for technology enhanced learning: taking the next step in the journey
Sankey, Michael. 2014. "Benchmarking for technology enhanced learning: taking the next step in the journey." Hegarty, Bronwyn, McDonald, Jenny and Loke, Swee-Kin (ed.) 31st Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2014). Dunedin, New Zealand 23 - 26 Nov 2014 Sydney, Australia.
Research on course management systems in higher education by Angela D Benson & Andrew Whitworth
Hammer, Sara. 2016. "Research on course management systems in higher education by Angela D Benson & Andrew Whitworth." British Journal of Educational Technology. 47 (1), pp. E1-E2. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12409
How conceptions and experiences of design shape the development of academic developers' professional practice: a case study
Kek, Megan, Hammer, Sara, Press, Nona and Stagg, Adrian. 2016. "How conceptions and experiences of design shape the development of academic developers' professional practice: a case study." International Journal of Design Management and Professional Practice. 10 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.18848/2325-162X/CGP/v10i01/1-11
Returning to reality, by Phillip M. Thompson
Hammer, Sara. 2013. "Returning to reality, by Phillip M. Thompson." British Journal of Educational Technology. 44 (5), pp. E177-E178. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12096_7
Strategic curriculum change by Paul Blackmore & Camille Kandiko
Hammer, Sara. 2013. "Strategic curriculum change by Paul Blackmore & Camille Kandiko." British Journal of Educational Technology. 44 (1), pp. E31-E31. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12006
Do the ACODE benchmarks still cut the mustard or is eLearning maturity just a dream? There is light at the end of the tunnel
Sankey, Michael, Brown, Mark and Uys, Philip. 2011. "Do the ACODE benchmarks still cut the mustard or is eLearning maturity just a dream? There is light at the end of the tunnel." Williams, Gary, Statham, Peta, Brown, Noel and Cleland, B. (ed.) 28th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2011). Hobart, Australia 04 - 07 Dec 2011 Australia.
Evidencing the development of distributed leadership capacity in the quality management of online learning environments (OLEs) in Australian higher education
Holt, Dale, Palmer, Stuart, Munro, Judy, Quealy, James, Solomonides, Ian, Gosper, Maree, Hicks, Margaret, Sankey, Michael, Louka, Amgad and Hollenbeck, Robert. 2011. "Evidencing the development of distributed leadership capacity in the quality management of online learning environments (OLEs) in Australian higher education." Williams, Gary, Statham, Peta, Brown, Noel and Cleland, B. (ed.) 28th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2011). Hobart, Australia 04 - 07 Dec 2011 Australia.
Opening up spaces for collegial, collaborative academic development practice within a strategic, centrally coordinated team-based support model
Hammer, Sara. 2013. "Opening up spaces for collegial, collaborative academic development practice within a strategic, centrally coordinated team-based support model." 36th Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia Conference (HERDSA 2013). Auckland, New Zealand 01 - 04 Jul 2013 Sydney, Australia.
From rags to riches: democratisation of the photographic art
Sankey, Michael D.. 2014. "From rags to riches: democratisation of the photographic art." Garnons-Williams, Victoria (ed.) Queensland Festival of Photography 5 Conference (QFP 2014): Photography and Fictions: Locating Dynamics of Practice. Brisbane, Australia 23 - 25 Apr 2014 Brisbane, Australia.
Reboot your course – from Beta to better
Lynch, Zoe and Sankey, Michael. 2016. "Reboot your course – from Beta to better." Dyson, Laurel Evelyn, Ng, Wan and Fergusson, Jennifer (ed.) 15th World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning (mLearn 2016). Sydney, Australia 24 - 26 Oct 2016 Sydney, Australia.
Student experiences and expectations of technology
Sankey, Michael D.. 2013. "Student experiences and expectations of technology." Carter, H. and Betts, P. (ed.) 30th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2013). Sydney, Australia 01 - 04 Dec 2013 Sydney, Australia.
ACODE benchmarking: plotting a bright future
Sankey, Michael D., Carter, Helen, Marshall, Stephen, Suddaby, Gordon and Phillips, Rob. 2013. "ACODE benchmarking: plotting a bright future." Carter, Helen, Gosper, Maree and Hedberg, John (ed.) 30th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2013). Sydney, Australia 01 - 04 Dec 2013 Sydney, Australia.
ACODE Benchmarks for technology enhanced learning (TEL): findings from a 24 university benchmarking exercise regarding the benchmarks’ fitness for purpose
Sankey, Michael and Padro, Fernando. 2016. "ACODE Benchmarks for technology enhanced learning (TEL): findings from a 24 university benchmarking exercise regarding the benchmarks’ fitness for purpose." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences. 8 (3), pp. 345-362. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQSS-04-2016-0033
An examination of the instruction provided in Australian essay guides for students’ development of a critical viewpoint
Hammer, Sara. 2017. "An examination of the instruction provided in Australian essay guides for students’ development of a critical viewpoint." Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education. 42 (7), pp. 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2016.1224998
Benchmarking for technology enhanced learning: longer term benefits
Sankey, Michael. 2015. "Benchmarking for technology enhanced learning: longer term benefits." Reiners, T., Von Konsky, B. R., Gibson, D., Chang, V., Irving, L. and Clarke, K. (ed.) 32nd Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2015) . Perth, Australia 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2015 Perth, Australia.
Designing for relatedness: learning design at the virtual cultural interface
Reedy, Alison and Sankey, Michael. 2015. "Designing for relatedness: learning design at the virtual cultural interface." Reiners, T., Von Konsky, B. R., Gibson, D., Chang, V., Irving, L. and Clarke, K. (ed.) 32nd Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2015) . Perth, Australia 29 Nov - 02 Dec 2015 Perth, Western Australia.
ACODE benchmarks for Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL): findings from a 24 university benchmarking exercise regarding the benchmarks' fitness for purpose and capacity to generate useful quality assurance information
Sankey, Michael and Padro, Fernando. 2015. "ACODE benchmarks for Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL): findings from a 24 university benchmarking exercise regarding the benchmarks' fitness for purpose and capacity to generate useful quality assurance information." International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education Biennial Conference (INQAAHE 2015): Changing Landscape of higher Education: New Demands on Quality Assurance. Chicago, United States 30 Mar - 03 Apr 2015 Barcelona, Spain.
Theorising academic development as an academic discipline? Exploring academic developers' ways of knowing, theorising and use of methods
Kek, Megan Y. C. A. and Hammer, Sara. 2015. "Theorising academic development as an academic discipline? Exploring academic developers' ways of knowing, theorising and use of methods." Huisman, Jerome and Tight, Malcolm (ed.) Theory and method in higher education research. Bingley, UK. Emerald. pp. 235-255
ACODE benchmarks for Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL): findings from a 24 university benchmarking exercise regarding the benchmarks’ fitness for purpose and capacity to generate useful quality assurance information
Sankey, Michael and Padro, Fernando F.. 2015. "ACODE benchmarks for Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL): findings from a 24 university benchmarking exercise regarding the benchmarks’ fitness for purpose and capacity to generate useful quality assurance information." Dahlgaard-Park, Su Mi and Dahlgaard, Jens J. (ed.) 18th International Conference on Quality Management and Organisational Development (QMOD 2015) and International Conference Quality and Service Sciences (ICQSS 2015). Seoul, Republic of Korea 12 - 14 Oct 2015 Sweden.
Proposition testing: a strategy to develop critical thinking for essay writing
Hammer, Sara and Griffiths, Phil. 2015. "Proposition testing: a strategy to develop critical thinking for essay writing." Davies, Martin and Barnett, Ronald (ed.) The Palgrave handbook of critical thinking in higher education. New York, United States. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 247-263
Benchmarks for technology enhanced learning
Sankey, Michael, Carter, Helen, Marshall, Stephen, Obexer, Regina, Russell, Carol and Lawson, Romy. 2014. Benchmarks for technology enhanced learning. Australasian Council on Online Distance and e-Learning (ACODE).
The application of technology enhanced learning to enhance the student learning journey
Sankey, Michael. 2014. "The application of technology enhanced learning to enhance the student learning journey." The Institute for Open and Distance Learning (IODL 2014) Occasional Lecture. Pretoria, South Africa 16 Sep 2014 Pretoria, South Africa.
Disability and study: layers of management
Werth, Shalene, Hammer, Sara and d'Abadie, Danielle. 2014. "Disability and study: layers of management." International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning. 9 (1), pp. 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/18334105.2014.11082023
Flipped university classrooms: using technology to enable sound pedagogy
Sankey, Michael and Hunt, Lynne. 2014. "Flipped university classrooms: using technology to enable sound pedagogy." Journal of Cases on Information Technology. 16 (2), pp. 26-38. https://doi.org/10.4018/jcit.2014040103
Framing and enhancing distributed leadership in the quality management of online learning environments in higher education
Holt, Dale, Palmer, Stuart, Gosper, Maree, Sankey, Michael and Allan, Garry. 2014. "Framing and enhancing distributed leadership in the quality management of online learning environments in higher education." Distance Education. 35 (3), pp. 382-399. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2015.955261
The impact of multiple representations of content using multimedia on learning outcomes
Birch, Dawn, Sankey, Michael and Gardiner, Michael. 2010. "The impact of multiple representations of content using multimedia on learning outcomes." International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning. 7 (4), pp. 3-19.
Benchmarks for technology enhanced learning: report on the refresh project 2014 and Inter-Institutional Benchmarking Summit
Sankey, Michael. 2014. Benchmarks for technology enhanced learning: report on the refresh project 2014 and Inter-Institutional Benchmarking Summit . Canberra, Australia. Australasian Council on Online Distance and e-Learning (ACODE).
Findings from the USQ students' experiences and expectations of technologies survey 2012
Sankey, Michael, Tynan, Belinda and McKeon, Christine. 2013. Findings from the USQ students' experiences and expectations of technologies survey 2012. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Three perspectives on a collaborative, whole-of-program process of curriculum change
Hammer, Sara, McDonald, Janet and Forbes, Melissa. 2014. "Three perspectives on a collaborative, whole-of-program process of curriculum change." Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability. 5 (1), pp. 47-62.
Quality management of online learning environments: an evidence-based approach to implementing the 6EOLE quality management framework
Holt, Dale, Palmer, Stuart, Munro, Judy, Louka, Amgad, Allan, Garry, Hollenbeck, Robert, Solomonides, Ian, Gosper, Maree, Sankey, Michael, Hicks, Margaret and Quealy, James. 2014. Quality management of online learning environments: an evidence-based approach to implementing the 6EOLE quality management framework. Sydney, Australia. Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching.
Quality management of online learning environments: a condensed guide to building distributed leadership for the quality management of online learning environments
Holt, Dale, Palmer, Stuart, Munro, Judy, Louka, Amgad, Allan, Garry, Hollenbeck, Robert, Solomonides, Ian, Gosper, Maree, Sankey, Michael, Hicks, Margaret and Quealy, James. 2014. Quality management of online learning environments: a condensed guide to building distributed leadership for the quality management of online learning environments. Sydney, Australia. Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching.
Quality management of online learning environments. Final report
Holt, Dale, Palmer, Stuart, Munro, Judy, Louka, Amgad, Allan, Garry, Hollenbeck, Robert, Solomonides, Ian, Gosper, Maree, Sankey, Michael and Hicks, Margaret. 2014. Quality management of online learning environments. Final report. Sydney, Australia. Australian Government Office for Learning and Teaching.
Using technology to enable flipped classrooms whilst sustaining sound pedagogy
Sankey, Michael D. and Hunt, Lynne. 2013. "Using technology to enable flipped classrooms whilst sustaining sound pedagogy." Carter, Helen, Gosper, Maree and Hedberg, John (ed.) 30th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2013). Sydney, Australia 01 - 04 Dec 2013 Sydney, Australia.
Aligning your ducks for the student learning journey: stories from the pond of distance ed
Sankey, Michael D.. 2012. "Aligning your ducks for the student learning journey: stories from the pond of distance ed." Resta, Paul and Rose, Raymond (ed.) 23rd International Conference of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education (SITE 2012). Austin, United States 05 - 09 Mar 2012 Chesapeake, VA. United States.
Exploring distributed leadership for the quality management of online learning environments
Palmer, Stuart, Holt, Dale, Gosper, Maree, Sankey, Michael and Allan, Garry. 2013. "Exploring distributed leadership for the quality management of online learning environments." European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning. 16 (2), pp. 61-75.
Using distributed learning as a measure to capture additional data on the quality of technology enhanced learning (TEL)
Sankey, Michael. and Padro, Fernando F.. 2013. "Using distributed learning as a measure to capture additional data on the quality of technology enhanced learning (TEL)." International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education Biennial Conference (INQAAHE 2013): Managing Diversity: Sustainable Quality Assurance Processes. Taipei, Taiwan 08 - 12 Apr 2013 Taipei, Taiwan.
Quality teaching in the social sciences
Hunt, Lynne. 2013. "Quality teaching in the social sciences." Salter, Diane J. (ed.) Cases on quality teaching practices in higher education. Hershey, PA. United States. IGI Global. pp. 39-56
Getting the context right for quality teaching and learning
Hunt, Lynne and Sankey, Michael. 2013. "Getting the context right for quality teaching and learning." Salter, Diane J. (ed.) Cases on quality teaching practices in higher education. Hershey, PA. United States. IGI Global. pp. 261-279
Leading the quality management of online learning environments in Australian higher education
Holt, Dale, Palmer, Stuart, Munro, Judy, Solomonides, Ian, Gosper, Maree, Hicks, Margaret, Sankey, Michael, Allan, Garry and Hollenbeck, Robert. 2013. "Leading the quality management of online learning environments in Australian higher education." Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. 29 (3), pp. 387-402.
Assessing practical laboratory skills in undergraduate molecular biology courses
Hunt, Lynne, Koenders, Annette and Gynnild, Vidar. 2012. "Assessing practical laboratory skills in undergraduate molecular biology courses ." Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education. 37 (7), pp. 861-874. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2011.576313
Leading the evaluation of institutional online learning environments for quality enhancement in times of change
Gosper, Maree, Holt, Dale, Palmer, Stuart, Allan, G., Hicks, M., Hollenbeck, R., Munro, Judy, Sankey, Michael and Solmonides, I.. 2012. "Leading the evaluation of institutional online learning environments for quality enhancement in times of change." Brown, M., Hartnett, M. and Stewart, T. (ed.) 29th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2012). Wellington, New Zealand 25 - 28 Nov 2012 Gold Coast, Australia.
From maintaining to sustaining: moving beyond binaries toward a framework for cultural sustainability in higher education
Hammer, Sara, Lawrence, Jill and Huijser, Hendrik. 2011. "From maintaining to sustaining: moving beyond binaries toward a framework for cultural sustainability in higher education." Midgley, Warren, Tyler, Mark A., Danaher, Patrick Alan and Mander, Alison (ed.) Beyond binaries in education research. New York, USA. Routledge. pp. 181-194
Expectations of Ability and Disability at University: The Fine Art of Managing Lives, Perceptions, and Curricula
Hammer, Sara, Werth, Shalene, Dunn, Peter, Lawson, Kym and d'Abadie, Danielle. 2011. "Expectations of Ability and Disability at University: The Fine Art of Managing Lives, Perceptions, and Curricula." Midgley, Warren, Tyler, Mark A., Danaher, Patrick Alan and Mander, Alison (ed.) Beyond Binaries in Education Research. New York, NY. United States. Routledge. pp. 211-220
Legal educators' perceptions of lifelong learning: conceptualisation and practice
Hammer, Sara Jeanne, Chardon, Toni, Collins, Pauline and Hart, Caroline. 2012. "Legal educators' perceptions of lifelong learning: conceptualisation and practice." International Journal of Lifelong Education. 31 (2), pp. 187-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2012.663803
Criterion referenced assessment as a form of feedback: student and staff perceptions in the initial stages of a new law degree
Chardon, Toni, Collins, Pauline, Hammer, Sara and Hart, Caroline. 2011. "Criterion referenced assessment as a form of feedback: student and staff perceptions in the initial stages of a new law degree." International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning. 6 (3), pp. 232-242. https://doi.org/10.5172/ijpl.2011.6.3.232
The impact of multiple representations of content using multimedia on learning outcomes across learning styles and modal preferences
Sankey, M. D., Birch, D. and Gardiner, M. W.. 2011. "The impact of multiple representations of content using multimedia on learning outcomes across learning styles and modal preferences." International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology. 7 (3), pp. 18-35.
A community development model of change: the role of teaching and learning centres
Hunt, Lynne. 2006. "A community development model of change: the role of teaching and learning centres." Hunt, Lynne, Bromage, Adrian and Tomkinson, Bland (ed.) The realities of change in higher education: interventions to promote learning and teaching. Abingdon, Oxon, UK. Routledge. pp. 64-77
Multiple representations in multimedia and e-learning materials: an issue of literacy
Sankey, Michael D. and Nooriafshar, Mehryar. 2003. "Multiple representations in multimedia and e-learning materials: an issue of literacy." Son, Jeong-Bae and O'Neill, Shirley (ed.) 1st International Conference on Pedagogies and Learning: New Meanings for a New Millennium. Toowoomba, Australia 01 - 04 Oct 2003 Toowoomba, Australia.
A 'likely benefit' from aligning Web 2.0 technologies with an institutions learning and teaching agenda
Sankey, Michael D. and Huijser, Hendrik. 2009. "A 'likely benefit' from aligning Web 2.0 technologies with an institutions learning and teaching agenda." Bastiaens, Theo, Dron, Jon and Xin, Cindy (ed.) 2009 World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare & Higher Education (E-Learn 2009). Vancouver, Canada 26 - 30 Oct 2009 Chesapeake, VA .
Still one size does not fit all: even using a multimodal approach to teaching a core communications course
Sankey, Michael and Kiernan, Eleanor. 2007. "Still one size does not fit all: even using a multimodal approach to teaching a core communications course." Kift, Sally (ed.) 10th Pacific Rim First Year in Higher Education Conference (FYHE 2007). Brisbane, Australia 04 - 06 Jul 2007 Brisbane, Australia.
Contractual income support policies: the pursuit of civic health and social cohesion in Australia and Britain
Hammer, Sara. 2004. "Contractual income support policies: the pursuit of civic health and social cohesion in Australia and Britain." Patton, Stephen (ed.) Contemporary Governance and the Question of the Social Conference (2004). Edmondon, Canada 11 - 13 Jun 2004 Edmonton, Canada.
Cheating to cope in the hothouse
Hammer, Sara, Star, Cassandra and Norton, Paul. 2004. "Cheating to cope in the hothouse." The Australian (Higher Education Review).
Working on work skills
Hammer, Sara and Green, Wendy. 2006. "Working on work skills." The Australian (Higher Education Review).
Embedding graduate skills into a first year, management course: theory, practice and reflection
Green, Wendy, Hammer, Sara and Stephens, Robyn. 2006. "Embedding graduate skills into a first year, management course: theory, practice and reflection." Bunker, Alison and Vardi, Iris (ed.) 29th Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia Annual Conference (HERDSA 2006). Perth, Australia 10 - 12 Jul 2006 Sydney, Australia.
Healing the divisions: unemployment, underemployment and overwork in Australia
Hammer, Sara. 2004. "Healing the divisions: unemployment, underemployment and overwork in Australia." Just Policy. 34, pp. 32-37.
Plagiarism: an original explanation?
Hammer, Sara, Norton, Paul and Star, Cassandra. 2004. "Plagiarism: an original explanation?" Directions in Education. 13 (14), pp. 3-4.
Maintaining a balance whilst building momentum: designing for millennial learners and everyone else
Sankey, Michael. 2005. "Maintaining a balance whilst building momentum: designing for millennial learners and everyone else ." Goss, Halima (ed.) 22nd Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2005). Brisbane, Australia 04 - 07 Dec 2005 Brisbane, Australia. Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE).
The real deal: using authentic assessment to promote student engagement in the first and second years of a regional law program
Hart, Caroline, Hammer, Sara, Collins, Pauline and Chardon, Toni. 2011. "The real deal: using authentic assessment to promote student engagement in the first and second years of a regional law program." Legal Education Review. 21 (1), pp. 97-121.
Engaging students through multimodal learning environments: the journey continues
Sankey, Michael, Birch, Dawn and Gardiner, Michael. 2010. "Engaging students through multimodal learning environments: the journey continues." Steel, Caroline, Keppell, Michael, Gerbic, Philippa and Housego, Simon (ed.) 27th Annual Conference of the Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education (ASCILITE 2010). Sydney, Australia 05 - 08 Dec 2010 Brisbane, Australia.
Multimodal design for blended course delivery: developing and evaluating design heuristics for a new paradigm in student engagement
Sankey, Michael D.. 2010. Multimodal design for blended course delivery: developing and evaluating design heuristics for a new paradigm in student engagement. Saarbruchen, Germany. VDM Verlag Dr. Muller.
Learning spaces for the digital age: blending space with pedagogy
Hunt, Lynne, Huijser, Henk and Sankey, Michael. 2011. "Learning spaces for the digital age: blending space with pedagogy ." Keppell, Mike, Souter, Kay and Riddle, Matthew (ed.) Physical and virtual learning spaces in higher education: concepts for the modern learning environment. Hershey, PA. United States. IGI Global. pp. 182-197
Critical thinking in a first year management unit: the relationship between disciplinary learning, academic literacy and learning progression
Hammer, Sara Jeanne and Green, Wendy. 2011. "Critical thinking in a first year management unit: the relationship between disciplinary learning, academic literacy and learning progression." Higher Education Research and Development. 30 (3), pp. 303-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2010.501075
Accounting graduates and the capabilities that count: perceptions of graduates, employers and accounting academics in four Australian universities
Oliver, Beverley, Whelan, Barbara, Hunt, Lynne and Hammer, Sara. 2011. "Accounting graduates and the capabilities that count: perceptions of graduates, employers and accounting academics in four Australian universities." Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability. 2 (1), pp. 2-27.
Adopting educational technology to enhance the marketing curriculum: is it worth the effort?
Birch, Dawn, Sankey, Michael and Gardiner, Michael. 2010. "Adopting educational technology to enhance the marketing curriculum: is it worth the effort?" Ballantine, Paul and Finsterwalder, Jorg (ed.) ANZMAC 2010: Doing More With Less. Christchurch, New Zealand 29 Nov - 01 Dec 2010 Christchurch, New Zealand.
Aligning a futures oriented higher education context with an institutional learning and teaching agenda
Sankey, Michael D.. 2010. "Aligning a futures oriented higher education context with an institutional learning and teaching agenda." Learning Futures Festival 2010. Leicester, United Kingdom 07 - 14 Jan 2010 Leicester, UK.
Framing a research project to explore the experiences of international staff in an Australian university
Hammer, Sara, Colclough, Gillian and Huijser, Hendrik. 2010. "Framing a research project to explore the experiences of international staff in an Australian university." Hayes, Anna and Mason, Robert (ed.) Migrant Security 2010: Citizenship and Social Inclusion in a Transnational Era. Toowoomba, Australia 15 - 16 Jul 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.
The graduate employability indicators: capturing broader stakeholder perspectives on the achievement and importance of employability attributes
Oliver, Beverley, Hunt, Lynne, Jones, Sandra, Pearce, Amanda, Hammer, Sara, Jones, Sue and Whelan, Barbara. 2010. "The graduate employability indicators: capturing broader stakeholder perspectives on the achievement and importance of employability attributes." Australian Quality Forum 2010 - Higher Education: Quality in Uncertain Times. Gold Coast, Australia 30 Jun - 02 Jul 2010 Melbourne, Australia.
Comparison of offshore and onshore students' perceptions of university learning environments and quality of educational experiences: implications for teaching and learning
Hunt, Lynne, Kek, Megan Yih Chyn Alexandria and Huijser, Hendrik. 2010. "Comparison of offshore and onshore students' perceptions of university learning environments and quality of educational experiences: implications for teaching and learning." ISSOTL 2010: Global Theories and Local Practices: Institutional, Disciplinary and Cultural Variations. Liverpool, United Kingdom 19 - 22 Oct 2010 United States.
Capturing stakeholder perceptions of graduate capability development: challenges associated with graduate employability indicators
Whelan, Barbara, Oliver, Beverley, Hunt, Lynne, Hammer, Sara, Jones, Sandra and Pearce, Amanda. 2010. "Capturing stakeholder perceptions of graduate capability development: challenges associated with graduate employability indicators." Campbell, Matthew (ed.) ACEN 2010: Work Integrated Learning (WIL): Responding to Challenges . Perth, Australia 29 Sep - 01 Oct 2010 Melbourne, Australia.
You can lead the horse to water, but: aligning learning and teaching in a Web 2.0 context and beyond
Huijser, Henk and Sankey, Michael. 2011. "You can lead the horse to water, but: aligning learning and teaching in a Web 2.0 context and beyond." Lee, Mark J. W. and McLoughlin, Catherine (ed.) Web 2.0-based e-learning: applying social informatics for tertiary teaching. Hershey, PA. United States. IGI Global. pp. 267-283
Mature aged job seekers' experiences of Centrelink and Job Network Services in an Australian regional centre
Kossen, Chris and Hammer, Sara. 2010. "Mature aged job seekers' experiences of Centrelink and Job Network Services in an Australian regional centre." Australian Journal of Career Development. 19 (1), pp. 45-53.
Creative e-transitions
Hunt, Lynne. 2004. "Creative e-transitions." Ghaoui, Claude (ed.) e-Education applications: human factors and innovative approaches. Hershey, PA, USA. IGI Global. pp. 153-163
Authentic learning at work
Hunt, Lynne. 2006. "Authentic learning at work." Herrington, Anthony and Herrington, Jan (ed.) Authentic learning environments in higher education. Hershey, PA, United States. Idea Group Publishing . pp. 262-282
What makes the Boy from Oz good? Hugh Jackman and the pedagogy of excellence
Quin, Robyn, Hunt, Lynne and Sparrow, Heather. 2005. "What makes the Boy from Oz good? Hugh Jackman and the pedagogy of excellence." Journal of Educational Enquiry. 6 (1), pp. 1-18.
Tertiary students with a disability or chronic illness: stigma and study
Hammer, Sara, Werth, Shalene and Dunn, Peter. 2009. "Tertiary students with a disability or chronic illness: stigma and study." Bedford, Tas, Huijser, Henk and Muller, Sarah (ed.) Enabling Pathways: 3rd National Conference of Enabling Educators. Toowoomba, Australia 25 - 27 Nov 2009 Toowoomba, Australia.
Closing the loop: a case study of a post-evaluation strategy
Kek, Megan Yih Chyn Alexandria, Hunt, Lynne and Sankey, Michael D.. 2009. "Closing the loop: a case study of a post-evaluation strategy." AUQF2009: Internal & External Quality Assurance: Tensions & Synergies. Alice Springs, Australia 01 - 03 Jul 2009 Australia.
Planning for a sustainable academic future
Hunt, Lynne and Peach, Neil. 2009. "Planning for a sustainable academic future." Academic futures: inquiries into higher education and pedagogy. Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 14-26
Health's a difficult beast: the interrelationships between domestic violence, women's health and the health sector: an Australian case study
Fisher, Colleen, Hunt, Lynne, Adamsam, Rhonda and Thurston, Wilfreda E.. 2007. "Health's a difficult beast: the interrelationships between domestic violence, women's health and the health sector: an Australian case study." Social Science and Medicine. 65 (8), pp. 1742-1750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.047
Teaching narrative journalism and the APN News and Media Professional Development Program
Little, Janine and Sankey, Michael. 2007. "Teaching narrative journalism and the APN News and Media Professional Development Program." Asia Pacific Media Educator.
Facing up to the challenge: why is it so hard to develop graduate attributes?
Green, Wendy, Hammer, Sara and Star, Cassandra. 2009. "Facing up to the challenge: why is it so hard to develop graduate attributes?" Higher Education Research and Development. 28 (1), pp. 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360802444339
The ethics of designing for multimodality: empowering non traditional learners
Sankey, Michael D. and St Hill, Rod. 2008. "The ethics of designing for multimodality: empowering non traditional learners." Demiray, Ugur and Sharma, Ramesh C. (ed.) Ethical practices and implications in distance learning. Hershey, PA. USA. IGI Global. pp. 126-154
Communities of practice: a sphere of influence enhancing teaching and learning in higher education
Lawrence, Jill and Sankey, Michael. 2008. "Communities of practice: a sphere of influence enhancing teaching and learning in higher education." Tilley, Elspeth (ed.) 2008 Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference: Power and Place (ANZCA 2008). Wellington, New Zealand 09 - 11 Jul 2008 Wellington, New Zealand.
Ethical considerations in providing distance education in the light of massification
Sankey, Michael and St Hill, Rod. 2008. "Ethical considerations in providing distance education in the light of massification." Orr, Debbie, Danaher, Patrick Alan, Danaher, Geoff and Harreveld, R. E. (Bobby) (ed.) 5th International Lifelong Learning Conference: Reflecting on Successes and Framing Futures. Yeppoon, Australia 16 - 19 Jun 2008 Rockhampton, Australia.
I'm not alone: first year course leaders helped through communities of practice
Sankey, Michael D. and Lawrence, Jill. 2008. "I'm not alone: first year course leaders helped through communities of practice." Orr, Debbie, Danaher, Patrick Alan, Danaher, Geoff and Harreveld, R. E. (Bobby) (ed.) 5th International Lifelong Learning Conference: Reflecting on Successes and Framing Futures. Yeppoon, Australia 16 - 19 Jun 2008 Rockhampton, Australia.
Improving staff practice in criterion-referenced assessment: implementing change in University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Business
Hammer, Sara and Millett, Bruce. 2007. "Improving staff practice in criterion-referenced assessment: implementing change in University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Business." AAIR 2007: Change, Evidence And Implementation: Improving Higher Education in Uncertain Times. Sydney, Australia 19 - 21 Nov 2007 Sydney, Australia.
Comparing Writely and Moodle online assignment submission and assessment
Petrus, Khaleel and Sankey, Michael. 2007. "Comparing Writely and Moodle online assignment submission and assessment." Fogarty, Roderick (ed.) 3rd International Conference on Pedagogies and Learning. Brisbane, Australia 26 - 28 Sep 2007 Toowoomba, Australia.
Teaching generic skills: eroding the higher purpose of universities, or an opportunity for renewal?
Star, Cassandra and Hammer, Sara. 2008. "Teaching generic skills: eroding the higher purpose of universities, or an opportunity for renewal? " Oxford Review of Education. 34 (2), pp. 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980701672232
Drivers for and obstacles to the development of interactive multimodal technology-mediated distance higher education courses
Birch, Dawn and Sankey, Michael D.. 2008. "Drivers for and obstacles to the development of interactive multimodal technology-mediated distance higher education courses ." International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology. 4 (1), pp. 1-10.
Designing pedagogies for cadet journalists on the ground and doing it
Little, Janine and Sankey, Michael D.. 2007. "Designing pedagogies for cadet journalists on the ground and doing it." 3rd International Conference on Pedagogies and Learning. Brisbane, Australia 26 - 28 Sep 2007
Locating learning advisers in the new university: What should be our role?
Green, Wendy, Hammer, Sara and Stephens, Robyn. 2005. "Locating learning advisers in the new university: What should be our role?" Milnes, S., Craswell, G., Rao, V. and Bartlett, A. (ed.) LAS2005 Critiquing and Reflecting. Canberra, Australia 24 - 25 Nov 2005 Canberra, Australia.
From full employment to the the new service economy
Hammer, Sara. 2004. "From full employment to the the new service economy ." Van Acker, Elizabeth and Curran, Giorel (ed.) Governing business and globalisation, 2nd ed.. Frenchs Forest, NSW. Pearson Education Australia. pp. 161-174
At the margins
Fisher, C., Hunt, L. and Adamsam, R.. 2005. "At the margins." Inaugural World Conference on the Prevention of Family Violence 2005: Domestic Violence and Health Policy Integration. Alberta,Canada 23 - 26 Oct 2005 Calgary, Canada.
Mark Latham's third way: income support, civic renewal and collectivism
Hammer, Sara. 2004. "Mark Latham's third way: income support, civic renewal and collectivism." Australian Journal of Social Issues. 39 (2), pp. 143-153.
Work for welfare and civic equality
Hammer, Sara. 2004. "Work for welfare and civic equality." Carlson, Ellen (ed.) 6th Path to Full Employment Conference/11th National Unemployment Conference. Newcastle, Australia Newcastle, Australia.
Demonstrating quality outcomes in learning and teaching: examining 'best practice' in the use of criterion-referenced assessment
Hammer, Sara. 2007. "Demonstrating quality outcomes in learning and teaching: examining 'best practice' in the use of criterion-referenced assessment." International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning. 3 (1), pp. 50-58.
How to develop 15 multimodal design heuristics in 3 easy (not) lessons
Sankey, Michael D.. 2007. "How to develop 15 multimodal design heuristics in 3 easy (not) lessons." International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning. 3 (2), pp. 60-73.
A feminine approach to teaching a large, first year university course: and everyone lived happily ever after!
Southey, Kim, Lynch, Bernadette, Werth, Shalene and Hammer, Sara. 2007. "A feminine approach to teaching a large, first year university course: and everyone lived happily ever after!" Albion, Majella J. and Collins, Pauline (ed.) 2007 International Women's Conference: Education, Employment and Everything... theTriple Layers of a Woman's Life. Toowoomba, Australia 26 - 29 Sep 2007 Toowoomba, Australia.
Healing the divisions: unemployment and overwork in Australia
Hammer, Sara. 2003. "Healing the divisions: unemployment and overwork in Australia." Carlson, E. (ed.) 5th Path to Full Employment Conference and 10th National Conference on Unemployment (CofFee 2003): The Full Employment Imperative. Newcastle, Australia 10 - 12 Dec 2003 Newcastle, Australia.
Mutual obligation: why reciprocity is an inadequate principle for unemployment programmes
Hammer, Sara. 2003. "Mutual obligation: why reciprocity is an inadequate principle for unemployment programmes." Australian Journal of Professional and Applied Ethics. 5 (1), pp. 14-24.
Higher education for community and citizenship?
Hammer, Sara and Star, Cassandra. 2004. "Higher education for community and citizenship?" Flowers, Rick (ed.) Education and Social Action Conference 2004. Sydney, Australia 06 - 08 Dec 2004 Sydney.
Demystifying assessment with 'bells and whistles' in a first year communication course
Sankey, Michael and Kiernan, Eleanor. 2006. "Demystifying assessment with 'bells and whistles' in a first year communication course." 5th Evaluations and Assessment Conference. Perth, Australia 30 Nov - 01 Dec 2006 Perth, Australia.
A neomillennial learning approach: helping non-traditional learners studying at a distance
Sankey, M. D.. 2006. "A neomillennial learning approach: helping non-traditional learners studying at a distance." International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology. 2 (4), pp. 82-99.
Preliminary essay plans: assisting students to engage academic literacy in a first year communication course
Kiernan, Eleanor, Lawrence, Jill and Sankey, Michael D.. 2006. "Preliminary essay plans: assisting students to engage academic literacy in a first year communication course." Nulty, Duncan (ed.) 9th Pacific Rim First Year in Higher Education Conference (FYHE 2006). Gold Coast, Australia 12 - 14 Jul 2006 Brisbane, Australia.
Transmodal delivery and neomillennial learning approaches
Sankey, Michael. 2006. "Transmodal delivery and neomillennial learning approaches." Orr, Debbie, Nouwens, Fons, Macpherson, Colin, Harreveld, R. E. (Bobby) and Danaher, Patrick Alan (ed.) 4th International Lifelong Learning Conference: Lifelong Learning: Partners, Pathways and Pedagogies. Yeppoon, Australia 13 - 16 Jun 2006 Rockhampton, Australia.
Multiple representations in instructional material: an issue of literacy
Sankey, Michael D.. 2003. "Multiple representations in instructional material: an issue of literacy." Educause in Australia 2003 Conference. Adelaide, Australia 06 - 09 May 2003
Multimodal design and hybrid course materials: developing a new paradigm for course delivery at USQ
Sankey, Michael D. and Smith, Alan. 2004. "Multimodal design and hybrid course materials: developing a new paradigm for course delivery at USQ." International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE 2004): Acquiring and Constructing Knowledge Through Human-Computer Interaction Creating New Visions for the Future of Learning. Melbourne, Australia 30 Nov - 03 Dec 2004
Multiple representations in multimedia materials: an issue of literacy
Sankey, Michael. 2005. "Multiple representations in multimedia materials: an issue of literacy." Mishra, Sanjaya and Sharma, Ramesh C. (ed.) Interactive multimedia in education and training. Hershey, PA, United States. Idea Group Publishing . pp. 135-157
Researching transmodal delivery at USQ: different horses for different courses
Sankey, Michael D. and Birch, Dawn. 2005. "Researching transmodal delivery at USQ: different horses for different courses." New Researchers for New Times: Conference for Postgraduate Students and Early Career Researchers (2005). Brisbane, Australia 28 - 29 Oct 2005
Multimodal design and the neomillenial learner
Sankey, Michael D.. 2005. "Multimodal design and the neomillenial learner." OLT 2005 Conference: Beyond Delivery. Brisbane, Australia 27 Sep 2005 Brisbane, Australia.
Multimodal design for hybrid learning materials in a second level economics course
Sankey, Michael D. and St Hill, Rod. 2005. "Multimodal design for hybrid learning materials in a second level economics course." Cheung, Stephen L. (ed.) 11th Australasian Teaching Economics Conference. Sydney, Australia 11 - 12 Jul 2005 Sydney, Australia.
Multiple representations in multimedia and e-learning materials: an issue of literacy
Sankey, Michael and Nooriafshar, Mehryar. 2005. "Multiple representations in multimedia and e-learning materials: an issue of literacy." Son, Jeong-Bae and O'Neill, Shirley (ed.) Enhancing learning and teaching: pedagogy, technology and language. Flaxton, Australia. Post Pressed. pp. 149-172
Visual and multiple representation in learning materials: an issue of literacy
Sankey, Michael D.. 2003. "Visual and multiple representation in learning materials: an issue of literacy." Create.ed 2003: eLearning for the Creative Industries. Melbourne, Australia 02 Oct 2003
Multimodal design considerations for developing hybrid course materials: an issue of literacy
Sankey, Michael D. and Smith, Alan. 2004. "Multimodal design considerations for developing hybrid course materials: an issue of literacy." Third Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning (PCF3). Dunedin, New Zealand 04 - 08 Jul 2004
Multimodal design for hybrid course materials: developing a new paradigm for delivery
Sankey, Michael D.. 2004. "Multimodal design for hybrid course materials: developing a new paradigm for delivery." Online Learning & Teaching Conference (OLT2004): Exploring Integrated Learning Environments,. Brisbane, Australia 03 Nov 2004
Considering visual literacy when designing instruction
Sankey, Michael D.. 2002. "Considering visual literacy when designing instruction." e-Journal of Instructional Science and Technology (e-JIST). 5 (2), pp. 1-14.